1. Perfect Competition

2. Objectives After studying this chapter, you will able to  Define perfect competition  Explain how price and output are determined in perfect competition  Explain why firms sometimes shut down temporarily and lay off workers  Explain why firms enter and leave the industry  Predict the effects of a change in demand and of a technological advance  Explain why perfect competition is efficient

3. Competition Perfect competition is an industry in which:  Many firms sell identical products to many buyers.  There are no restrictions to entry into the industry.  Established firms have no advantages over new ones.  Sellers and buyers are well-informed about prices.

4. Competition How Perfect Competition Arises Perfect competition arises:  When a firm’s minimum efficient scale is small relative to market demand so there is room for many firms in the industry  And when each firm is perceived to produce a good or service that has no unique characteristics, so consumers don’t care which firm they buy from

5. Competition Price Takers In perfect competition, each firm is a price taker. A price taker is a firm that cannot influence the price of a good or service. No single firm can influence the price—it must “take” the equilibrium market price. Each firm’s output is a perfect substitute for the output of the other firms, so the demand for each firm’s output is perfectly elastic.

6. Competition Economic Profit and Revenue The goal of each firm is to maximize economic profit, which equals total revenue minus total cost. Total cost is the opportunity cost of production, which includes normal profit. A firm’s total revenue equals price, P, multiplied by quantity sold, Q, or P  Q.

7. Competition A firm’s marginal revenue is the change in total revenue that results from a one-unit increase in the quantity sold. Figure 11.1 illustrates a firm’s revenue curves.

8. Competition Figure 11.1(a) shows that market demand and supply determine the price that the firm must take.

9. Competition Figure 11.1(b) shows the demand curve for the firm’s product, which is also its marginal revenue curve.

10. Competition Because in perfect competition the price remains the same as the quantity sold changes, marginal revenue equals price.

11. Competition Figure 11.1(c) shows the firm’s total revenue curve.

14. The Firm’s Decisions in Perfect Competition A perfectly competitive firm faces two constraints:  A market constraint summarized by the market price and the firm’s revenue curves  A technology constraint summarized by the firm’s product curves and cost curves

15. The Firm’s Decisions in Perfect Competition The perfectly competitive firm makes two decisions in the short run:  Whether to produce or to shut down.  If the decision is to produce, what quantity to produce. A firm’s long-run decisions are:  Whether to increase or decrease its plant size.  Whether to stay in the industry or leave it.

16. The Firm’s Decisions in Perfect Competition Profit-Maximizing Output A perfectly competitive firm chooses the output that maximizes its economic profit. One way to find the profit-maximizing output is to look at the firm’s the total revenue and total cost curves. Figure 11.2 on the next slide looks at these curves along with the firm’s total profit curve.

17. The Firm’s Decisions in Perfect Competition Part (a) shows the total revenue, TR, curve. Part (a) also shows the total cost curve, TC, which is like the one in Chapter 10. Total revenue minus total cost is profit (or loss), shown in part (b).

18. The Firm’s Decisions in Perfect Competition Profit is maximized when the firm produces 9 sweaters a day. At low output levels, the firm incurs an economic loss—it can’t cover its fixed costs.

19. The Firm’s Decisions in Perfect Competition At intermediate output levels, the firm earns an economic profit. At high output levels, the firm again incurs an economic loss—now it faces steeply rising costs because of diminishing returns.

20. The Firm’s Decisions in Perfect Competition Marginal Analysis The firm can use marginal analysis to determine the profit-maximizing output. Because marginal revenue is constant and marginal cost eventually increases as output increases, profit is maximized by producing the output at which marginal revenue, MR, equals marginal cost, MC. Figure 11.3 on the next slide shows the marginal analysis that determines the profit-maximizing output.

21. The Firm’s Decisions in Perfect Competition If MR > MC, economic profit increases if output increases. If MR < MC, economic profit decreases if output increases. If MR = MC, economic profit decreases if output changes in either direction, so economic profit is maximized.

22. The Firm’s Decisions in Perfect Competition Profits and Losses in the Short Run Maximum profit is not always a positive economic profit. To determine whether a firm is earning an economic profit or incurring an economic loss, we compare the firm’s average total cost, ATC, at the profit-maximizing output with the market price. Figure 11.4 on the next slide shows the three possible profit outcomes.

23. The Firm’s Decisions in Perfect Competition In part (a) price equals ATC and the firm earns zero economic profit (normal profit).

24. The Firm’s Decisions in Perfect Competition In part (b), price exceeds ATC and the firm earns a positive economic profit.

25. The Firm’s Decisions in Perfect Competition In part (c) price is less than ATC and the firm incurs an economic loss—economic profit is negative and the firm does not even earn normal profit.