1. 1 Psychology 320: Psychology of Gender and Sex Differences Lecture 62

2. 2 Office Hour Invitations March 30 th, 11:30-12:30 Kenny 2517 26241109 30408090 33215104 36931095 42987099 50544097 62587084 65041113 67118083 73872095 74906090 92804079

3. The next salon is scheduled for: March 28 th, 5:30-7:30 PM. Topic: Mental Health (e.g., What defines a mental illness? What stigma do people with mental illness face? How does mental illness relate to homelessness and substance abuse? Are we born with it, or does it develop over time?) Location: Mahony & Son’s, UBC Campus. Food and (nonalcoholic) beverages: Free! An opportunity to take your learning in Psychology 320 outside of the classroom! Psychology 320 is partnering with the College of Health Disciplines to offer you an opportunity to engage in dialogue with students from other disciplines regarding important social issues. A Salon, of the type held in Paris during the 18th and 19th centuries, is “a gathering of intellectual, social, political, and cultural elites under the roof of an inspiring … host, partly to amuse one another and partly to refine their taste and increase their knowledge through conversation” (Wood, 2012).

4. 4 Reminder The Terry* Global Speaker Series presents Kavita Ramdas, Nothing Less than a Revolution: How Women’s Movements are Changing our World. Monday, March 26, 12:30-1:30, Frederic Wood Theatre. Tickets are free. For more information and tickets, visit: http://www.terry.ubc.ca/2012/03/08/the-terry-global-speaker- series-presents-kavita-ramdas/

5. Papers are due on Monday, April 2 nd, 2012. Students must submit their papers during class. If you are unable to attend class on the day the paper is due, please have someone hand it in for you at the start of class. Late papers and papers left in mailboxes or submitted via e-mail will not be accepted. Paper Submission 5

6. In addition to submitting a hardcopy in class, you must submit your paper electronically to TurnItIn. The electronic copy submitted to TurnItIn must be identical to the hard copy submitted in class; do not change the content or format of the document. The electronic copy submitted to TurnItIn will be compared to the hard copy submitted in class; discrepancies may constitute academic misconduct. 6

7. Psychology 3057 TurnItIn is a plagiarism detection system that scans and compares your paper to online content (e.g., other students’ papers, websites such as Wikipedia). It provides an “originality report” that documents the overlap between your paper and online content. It indicates the source of plagiarized content (overlap is acceptable if it is properly cited—see APA guidelines). What is TurnItIn? 7

8. Psychology 3058 Go to www.turnitin.com To create your own account, click on “Create Account” in the upper right hand corner of the screen. You will need the following information to create your account or add this course to your existing account: TurnItIn Instructions Class ID: 4988995 Password: gender2012 8

9. Psychology 3059 Step-by-step instructions are available in the “Student Quickstart Guide” at http://www.turnitin.com/static/ support/guides_manuals.html You must submit your paper to TurnItIn by the due date of the paper. You will receive “0” on your paper if you do not submit it to TurnItIn by 11:59 pm on April 2. Additional Notes on TurnItIn 9

10. Psychology 30510 You may view your originality report before submitting your paper to address any concerns regarding plagiarism. Please contact your TA if you have any questions or difficulties submitting your paper to TurnItIn. 10

11. 11 Mental Health: 1. Are there sex differences in eating disorders?

12. 12 By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 1. list the diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. 3. identify risk factors for eating disorders. 2. discuss sex differences in rates of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.

13. 13 Are there sex differences in eating disorders? The DSM-IV-TR distinguishes between two eating disorders: anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. A third category is included in the DSM-IV-TR: “Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified.”

14. 14 Anorexia Nervosa Characterized by: (a) refusal to maintain body weight at or above a minimally normal weight for age and height (i.e., less than 85% of what is expected). (b) intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat. (c) disturbance in the way one experiences one’s weight or shape, undue influence of weight or shape on self- evaluation, or denial of seriousness of low weight. (d) amenorrhea.

15. 15 Afflicts 0.5% of females and 0.05% of males. Typical onset is in early to late adolescence (14-18 years of age). Results in damage to the bones, muscles, heart, kidneys, intestines, and brain. Mortality rate: 5-15% (Brown, Mehler, & Harris, 2000).

16. 16 Bulimia Nervosa Characterized by: (a) recurrent episodes of binge eating. (b) recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviour in order to prevent weight gain (e.g., self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas; fasting; excessive exercise). (c) binge eating and compensatory behaviour occur, on average, at least twice a week for 3 months. (d) undue influence of weight or shape on self-evaluation.

17. 17 Afflicts 1-3% of females and.2% of males. Typical onset is in late adolescence to early adulthood. Mortality rate: 3.9%(Crow et al., 2009). Results in damage to the muscles, heart, intestines, stomach, mouth, throat, and esophagus.

18. 18 Sample Items from the Eating Disorder Inventory (Garner et al., 1983) Drive for Thinness Subscale: I think about dieting. I feel extremely guilty after overeating. I am terrified of gaining weight. I am preoccupied with the desire to be thinner. Bulimia Subscale: I have gone on eating binges where I have felt that I could not stop. I eat moderately in front of others and stuff myself when they are gone. I have thought of trying to vomit in order to lose weight. I eat or drink in secrecy. Body Dissatisfaction Subscale: I think that my stomach is too big. I think that my thighs are too large. I think my hips are too big. I think that my buttocks are too large.

19. 19 The etiology of eating disorders is unclear. However, several “risk factors” have been identified: 1. Genes  Twin studies suggest that eating disorders are heritable (heritability statistic for anorexia:.58-.76; for bulimia:.54-.83; Klump et al., 2001). Males and females with eating disorders have a similar age of onset and exhibit similar symptoms.

20. 20 2. Demographic Factors  Eating disorders are more prevalent among people of European descent (vs. people of African American descent); dancers, actors, models, and athletes; and members of sexual minority groups (e.g., gay males; Helgeson, 2009).  There is no clear evidence linking socioeconomic status and education level to eating disorders (Striegel-Moore & Cachelin, 1999).

21. 21 3. Female Gender Role  The female gender role emphasizes: (a) physical attractiveness and (b) concern for others’ opinions.  Although communion is not correlated with disturbed eating (Hepp et al., 2005), unmitigated communion is a risk factor for eating disorders (Helgeson, 2007; Lakkis et al., 1999).

22. 22 Mental Health: 1. Are there sex differences in eating disorders?