1. HISTORY 283 JEWISH STUDIES 235 JEWS IN MODERN TIMES

2. Migration Pre-Modern –more developed to less developed –(West to East) Modern –shift westward

3. Sephardim ties to Ottoman Empire and Europe Italy, and even Poland

4. Conversos secret Jews? Converso diaspora flee to the East or elsewhere in Europe participate in western economy numbers are small but their wealth and their roles make them stand out

5. East European Jews pre 1648 after 1648 –to western Europe –to colonial possessions (USA)

6. Early 18th Century continuing political and economic decline in Poland opportunity in the west rises –scholars –merchants –support for migrants balanced against fear of competition

7. Wandering Jews Betteljuden peddlars restrictionism “class” tensions increase gender imbalance

8. Later 18th Century migration increases partitions of Poland 1772–1795 –opens the gates to Austria spread beyond Germany to Vienna, Amsterdam, northern France, England, and eventually North America real social welfare problems

9. Learned Migrants Solomon Maimon Wessely (1782): –“We have become accustomed to having our children raised by teachers from Poland” also major rabbinic figures Joseph Isaak of Gochsheim, “Thoughts on the Better and More Useful Treatment of Beggar Jews” (1791)--seeks government help

10. Simon Kuznets

11. Finkelstein, Louis The Jews: their history, culture, and religion 3rd edition (1960; reprinted 1979) DS102.4.F5 1979

12. Economic Patterns Jews in the interstices –Jews as a “permanent minority” in a fully manned economy –marginality is all that is allowed ($-lending; frontier; peddling) –marginality has positive benefits communal high risk activities offer high rewards

13. Changes in Occupational Patterns internal factors –population rise strains old patterns –migration opens up new possibilities external factors –expanding opportunities in new market economies –mercantilist approaches (Jew as useful and non- threatening ally of king)

14. New “Classes” instability of old lessor system Jewish Monopolies and Court Jews

16. Government & Jewish Economy example of Bohemia and Moravia but the pattern is broader late 17th & 18th century governments admit Jews over local objections to rebuild cities increasing surpluses need marketing

17. Gov’t & Jewish Economy II absolutist solution: “enforced economic activity” (refugee) Jews, at a disadvantage, have no choice but gain monopolies on both purchase and selling to peasants also provide luxury goods to rulers

18. Court Jews growth of state (and army) requires increased financial services Jews provide economic services without access to power small and large states transfer of funds Züss Oppenheimer (Jüd Züss)

19. Jews and State Industries Imposed on them (China in Prussia) Licensees of controlled industries (liquor)

20. Internal Organization Monopolistic centralization Laying out system Integration

21. Growth of Jewish Working Class population growth urbanization –metropolitanization artisans and specialized industrialization Proletariat? Class Division? Jewish peddlars Yishuv Jews Mobility

22. Summary government-supported capitalism Jewish networking and concentration expansion of Jewish working and artisanal classes