1. Section 1.2 Heat Technologies in Everyday Life

2. Technologies have come with a cost to the environment. This has led to the need for choices.

3. Personal and Societal Choices Standard of living is a measure of how well we live, including the level of technology that we use in daily life.

4. Making Sustainable Choices Sustainable means that something can be maintained or continued. ◦We mean that we are trying to use our resources wisely.

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6. Section 2.1 States of Matter and the Particle Model of Matter

7. Everything in the universe is made up of matter. It exists in three states: solid, liquid and gas. One way that heat can affect matter is by causing a change of state.

8. This happens by adding or taking away heat energy. Heat energy is a form of energy that transfers from matter at higher temperatures to matter of lower temperatures

9. Water Changes State Temperature Boiling Point100 ºC Melting Point0 ºC Freezing Point0 ºC Condensation Point 100 ºC

10. Particle Model of Matter All matter is made up of extremely tiny particles. The tiny particles of matter are always moving. Adding heat to matter makes the particles move around faster. The particles have spaces between them

11. Heat and the Particle Model of Matter Kinetic energy is the energy of movement. Volume is the amount of space that matter occupies.

12. StateShape (fixed or takes the shape of the container) Volume (fixed or fills container) Size of Spaces (small, med, large) Energy Level of Particles (low, medium, high) SolidDefinite or fixed shape Fixed volumeSmallLow LiquidTakes the shape of its container Fixed volumeMedium GasTakes the shape of its container No fixed volume; fills the container LargeHigh

13. The Effect of Heat on Particles Transferring heat to a substance increases the kinetic energy of particles in that substance. Transferring heat from a substance slows down the movement of particles in the substance.

14. ActionEnergy Transfer (absorb / release) Particle Spacing (increasing/decreasing ) MeltingAbsorbs energy Spaces are increasing BoilingAbsorbs energy Spaces are increasing FreezingReleases energy Spaces are decreasing (except in water) CondensingReleases energy Spaces are decreasing

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17. Section 2.2 Heat and Temperature

18. Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold matter is.

19. Total Kinetic Energy The thermal energy of a substance is the total kinetic energy of all the particles the substance contains. Heat is the energy that transfers from a substance whose particles have a higher kinetic energy to one whose particles have lower kinetic energy.

20. Total Kinetic Energy Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. History of the Thermometer ◦Page 202

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22. Section 2.3 Heat Affect the Volume of Solids, Liquids, and Gases

23. Measuring Temperature with Thermometers John Locke was an English scientist who demonstrated that our sense could not be trusted to measure temperature.

24. Take Home Experiment ◦Take 3 bowls  Fill one with warm water (#1)  Fill one with room temperature water (#2)  Fill one with cold water (#3) ◦Put your left hand in #1 ◦Put your right hand in #3  Keep them there for 2 minutes ◦Put both hands in #2  What do you feel?

25. Thermometer Scales InventorInnovationDate Galileo GalileiFirst instrument for measuring temperature 1590 Gabriel Daniel FahrenheitFirst accurate scale for measuring temperature 1714 Anders CelsiusDeveloped the centigrade or celsius1742

26. Expansion and Contraction of Solids The particle model of matter tells us that when the thermal energy of matter increases, so does its volume. We say that the matter expands.

27. Expansion and Contraction of Solids When the thermal energy of a solid decreases, its volume decreases and the solid contracts. This process of expansion of substance caused by an increase in thermal energy is called thermal expansion.

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29. Section 2.4 Heat Transfer by Conduction

30. Conduction Conduction is the transfer of heat energy between substances that are in contact with each other. This form of heat transfer is most common in solids.

31. Conduction Materials that allow easy transfer of heat are called conductors. Materials that do not allow easy transfer of heat are called insulators.

32. Conduction Gizmo

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34. Section 2.5 Heat Transfer by Convection and Radiation

35. Convection Heat transfer through liquid or gas particles happens by convection. This transfer of heat occurs in circular patterns called convection currents. Both conduction and convection rely on the movement of particles.

36. Radiation Radiation is transfer of energy by invisible waves that can travel great distances without relying on the transfer of energy between particles. These invisible waves are called infrared waves.

37. Reflect or Absorb? Objects that are shiny and light colors are good reflectors of radiant energy. Dark and dull objects are good at absorbing radiant energy.

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39. Section 3.1 Natural Sources of Thermal Energy

40. Thermal Energy Natural sources of heat energy include: solar energy from the sun, geothermal energy from deep inside the earth, chemical energy from the burning of fuels and decaying from the breakdown of dead plants and animals.

41. Using the Sun’s Energy for Solar Heating Solar heating systems are of two types: passive and active. On the prairies, the combination of a passive and active solar system can usually meet 75% of a family’s heating needs.

42. Passive Solar Heating The basic approach to passive solar heating to reduce heat loss and increase heat gain from the sun. This means more insulation to reduce the loss of heat as well as an(a) increase in the amount of window space.

43. Active Solar Heating Active solar heating systems usually have three components: ◦a collector ◦a heat storage unit ◦a heat distribution system. The collector includes copper tubing filled with water on a black surface covered with glass.

44. Costs and Benefits The availability to everyone, the absence of pollution and radiation as a bi-products are examples of solar energy’s benefits. The expense of installing a solar system, the fact that it does not meet all our needs and that a backup system is needed are all examples of solar energy’s costs.

45. Solar Energy

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47. Section 3.2 Heating System Technologies

48. Thermostats “Thermo” means heat and “stat” means maintain. The switch in a thermostat is a bi- metallic strip, which consists of two different metals where one of the metals expands faster than the other causing the strip to bend. This action causes an electrical circuit to open and close that controls the heating device.

49. Thermostats Car Thermostats Fire Alarms (bimetallic strip)

50. Heating Systems There are two types of heating systems: local and central heating systems. Local heating systems provide heat for only one room or a small part of a building.

51. Central heating systems provide heat from a single source such as a furnace. The heat is then transferred by a network of ducts, pipes and vents or openings.

52. Central Heating Systems There are two forms of central heating systems: forced-air and hot-water heating. Both systems rely on heat transfer by convection to move the heat through the room once it arrives from the central source.

53. Central Heating Systems Forced-Air Heating Components Hot-Water Heating Components FurnaceBoiler DuctsPipes VentsRadiators BlowerExpansion Tank

54. Keeping Cool Thermal energy is needed to create cold temperatures in devices such as refrigerators, freezers and air conditioners.

55. Keeping Cool The basic components of a cooling system: ◦a storage tank ◦a compressor ◦a freezer unit ◦condenser coils ◦a refrigerant. The liquid, or refrigerant in the system evaporates at a very low temperature creating freezing temperatures.

56. Air Conditioners How do they work?

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58. Section 3.3 Heat Loss and Insulation

59. The thermal conductivity of a material reflects its ability to transfer heat by conduction. Every material is given a number called an R-value. The higher the R-value, the better the product is a providing insulation.

60. Heat Loss Heat is lost in a home through the doors, windows, walls and roof. Area of Heat LossInnovation DoorsWeather srtipping; metal clad insulation WindowsDual/triple pane windows; argon gas; expanding foam Walls and RoofsFibreglass; fibre-fill; expanding foams; rigid foam; concrete construction

61. Heat Inspections Thermal Imaging Video

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63. Section 4.1 Looking at Different Sources of Heat

64. Natural Resources Renewable natural resources are those that can be replaced. ◦Sun’s/Solar energy is an example of this type of resource. Non-renewable natural resources cannot be replaced.

65. Fossil Fuels Fossil fuels are formed from the remains of plants and animals. In 1995, almost 60% of the world’s energy needs were met by burning oil and natural gas. Coal provided another 30%. This means that we depend upon fossil fuels for 90% for all of our energy needs.

66. Costs The cost in dollar of using fossil fuels are called the economic costs. The negative effects on the environment of using fossil fuels are called the environmental costs.

67. Costs The negative effect on people all together are the societal costs. All three of these costs are also associated with alternative forms of energy as all things have a cost in one form or another.

68. Alternatives for Thermal Energy Wind energy is the energy of moving air. It can be captured by windmills. Today, we have high-tech devices specially designed to translate this energy into electricity. A wind farm consists of dozens or hundreds of these high-tech devices.

69. Nuclear Energy Nuclear energy is a process that uses small amounts of radioactive uranium to produce vast amounts of heat. Uranium is a non-renewable resource. The fuel source requires special care in handling because it is harmful to living things.

70. Hydroelectric Energy Energy generated by water moving through a dam is called hydro-electric power. Artificial lakes called reservoirs are built to raise the water level to create more force as the water falls through the turbines. This form of generating energy is clean and it’s renewable however there are costs.

71. Hydroelectric Energy Dams and reservoirs upset or destroy local ecosystems and flood agricultural land. Long distance transmission lines must be built from the generation site to where people can use the electricity.

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73. Section 4.2 Energy Consumption

74. Energy Users The three main energy users are homes, transportation and industry. Of these, the biggest user of energy is industry.

75. Transportation Cars and trucks are big energy users and major contributors to air pollution,. Road, rail, air and marine transportation together account for about 66% of the oil used in Canada. The burning of fossil fuels creates a gas called nitrogen oxides that are harmful to people with lung problems. This gas appears as a brown haze in major cities.

76. Industry Industry is the major contributor of chemicals called sulphur oxides which turn to sulphuric acid in the air and form acid rain. An energy audit helps companies to identify areas where they can cut energy costs and reduce pollution.

77. Cogeneration Cogeneration is the production of two forms of energy, usually electricity and heat. Cogeneration sees heat/waste energy generated from the production of electricity go towards heating buildings.

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