1. Cell Structure & Function

2. Cell Theory All living things are made of cells
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in organisms
Cells only come from pre-existing cells
Schleiden, Schwann, & Virchow

3. Cell Diversity
Differ in size, shape, &
function
Shape determines

4. Prokaryotes “Pro-” = before “-karyote” = nucleus No nucleus
No membrane-bound organelles
Unicellular
Found in Kingdoms Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

5. Eukaryotes “Eu-” = true (true nucleus)
Have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Unicellular or Multicellular
More complex than prokaryotes
Found in Kingdoms Animalia, Plantae, Protista, & Fungi

6. Cell Membrane Surrounds the entire cell
Controls what enters and leaves the cell
Made of:
Phospholipids (heads and tails)
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Cholesterol
Steroids

7. Nucleus Control center of the cell (“brain”)
Surrounded by a membrane (nuclear envelope)
Membrane contains pores (communication)
Houses DNA (chromatin)
Contains nucleolus (where RNA is made)

8. Cytoplasm
Includes everything between the cell membrane and the nucleus
Jelly-like
Made up of organelles and cytosol (water and proteins)

9. Ribosomes Site of protein synthesis Made up of rRNA and proteins
Not surrounded by a membrane
Located in the cytoplasm or attached to rough ER

10. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
“Roadway” of the cell
Helps in making and transporting proteins
Ribosomes are on the surface - give “rough” appearance
Endoplasmic Reticulum = ER

11. Smooth ER “Roadway” of the cell
Helps cell to break down poisons, waste, and toxins
Helps cell process lipids and carbohydrates
ER network (rough & smooth) connects nucleus and cell membrane

12. Golgi Body Modifies, packages, and secretes cell products
Consists of flattened stacks of cisternae
Receives products made by the ER

13. Lysosomes Contain hydrolytic enzymes to digest materials for the cell
Surrounded by a single membrane
Formed from ends of Golgi body that pinch off
Not found in plant cells

14. Mitochondria Site of cellular respiration
Energy (ATP - adenosine triphosphate) is made
Have their own DNA
Inner membrane is folded (cristae)

15. Chloroplast Type of plastid (pigment containing organelle)
Stacked inner membranes called thylakoids used to trap sunlight for photosynthesis
Contain chlorophyll (green)
Have their own DNA
Found in plants, seaweed, and, algae
Other plastids can be red, orange, and yellow

16. Vacuole Largest organelle in plant cells
Hold water and help cell keep its shape (wilt)
Storage area for water, proteins, ions, and glucose
Animal vacuoles are smaller and used for digestion

17. Cytoskeleton Helps cell maintain shape
Helps move organelles around the cell (tracks)
Types:
Microfilaments
Microtubules

18. Centrioles Made of microtubules Assist in cell division (mitosis)
Not found in plant cells

19. Cilia & Flagella
Cilia - hair-like projections on a cell made of bundles of microtubules
Flagella - whip-like tails of microtubules
Both help with cell movement

20. Cell Wall
Non-living protective layer around plant, fungal, and bacterial cells
Plant cell walls are made of cellulose

21. Multicellular Organization
Cells are specialized for their functions
Levels of organization:
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism