2. NORTH  Growth of industrialization  Specialization and machinery allow for mass production. SOUTH  Cotton is leading cash crop  Industry limited due to lack of capital and market demand.

3. NORTH  Roads, canals, and railroads being built.  Locomotives improve during this era. SOUTH  Natural waterways chief means of transportation.  Canals and roads are poor.  Railroads are limited

4. NORTH  Many people move to cities to work.  Cities grow crowded and many live in unhealthy and unsafe conditions.  African Americans suffer discrimination and have few rights. SOUTH  Plantation owners farm large plots of land and are self sufficient.  Tenant farmers farm small tracts of land.  Enslaved African Americans do most of the work on plantations.

5. NORTHSOUTH

7.  Manifest Destiny – westward expansion - idea that the United States boundaries should extend from Atlantic to the Pacific.  Leads to how new states would be admitted to Union (Free versus Slave)  Leads to the Bigger issue, it would unbalance the number of free and slave states represented in Congress.  Slavery Opposed in North, Protected in South

8.  Louisiana Purchase – 1803  Florida – 1819  Annexation of Texas – 1845  Oregon Country – 1846  Mexican War and Mexican Cession – 1846-1848  Gadsden Purchase – 1853

9.  Missouri Compromise (1820)  First argument in Congress about number of Free versus Slave states.  Compromise of 1850  Second argument in Congress about number of Free versus Slave states.

12.  Slave Codes –  Illegal for slaves to gather in large groups, can not teach them to read or write, must have pass to be off owners property.  Fugitive Slave Act –  all citizens required to help capture and return enslaved African Americans. Subject to fines and prison if you helped.  Underground Railroad –  Series of trails that lead escaped slaves to safe houses on their way to freedom in the North. Operated by conductors.

13.  William Lloyd Garrison – wanted all slaves freed – communicated this in The Liberator.  Fredrick Douglas – escaped slave that taught himself to read and write, advocated for slaves rights.  Harriet Tubman – escaped slave that was a conductor on the Underground Railroad.  Sojourner Truth – escaped slave who advocated for abolition and women’s rights.  Harriet Beecher Stowe – wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin – anti slavery book about a long suffering black slave. This helped fuel the abolitionist's cause, 2 nd best selling book of the 19 th century.

15.  Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)-  Taken to North by owner, owner died and abolitionist groups helped sue for freedom  *Supreme Court findings – was a slave not a citizen, was considered property regardless of free soil, Missouri compromise and popular sovereignty unconstitutional for determining slavery.  Outraged anti slavery groups and pleased southerners. Divided country even more.  North Carolina v. Mann (1830) –  Slave shot and wounded her master while trying to escape a whipping.  *State Ruling - slave owners had absolute authority over their slaves and could not be found guilt of committing violence against them.

17.  Third argument in Congress about number of Free versus Slave states.  Showed North that South could not compromise. Tensions grew!

18.  Bleeding Kansas (1856)  Result of popular sovereignty pro and anti slavery groups rushed people to territory to influence voting in their favor.  Opposing forces clashed and many died until order was restored 5-6 months later.  John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry, Virginia (winter 1857-58)  Small group of white’s and free African Americans raid an arsenal to arm slaves and spark an uprising.  Failed – Brown was tried, found guilty, and hung.  Rally point for abolitionists, South saw this as a Northern Conspiracy against them and their way of life.

20.  Anti slavery Whigs and Democrats along with Free Soil created Republican Party in 1854 – challenged pro slavery Whigs and Democrats  Lincoln narrowly defeats Douglas, Breckenridge, and Bell.  Democratic party split along party lines because of slavery (3 candidates)  Lincoln and Republicans believe slavery would be left alone where it existed but not allowed to spread to territories.  Lincoln won mainly on Northern votes who out voted the South (larger population)  South did not trust Lincoln and Republicans  Believed Lincoln’s election would encourage slave revolts and other undesirable consequences.  South votes to secede from Union starting with South Carolina, others follow. Leads to Fort Sumter and US Civil War.