1. KINGDOM PROTISTA

2. Overview Cell number: Unicellular/Multicellular Cell type: Eukaryotic Nutrition: Autotrophs & Heterotrophs Habitat: Moist environments Divided into three types: – animal-like – plant-like – fungus-like

3. Animal-like Protists Protozoa—single-celled microscopic organisms that can move independently Heterotrophic Can be parasitic (live off other organisms, cause disease) Live most anywhere that moisture is available

4. Protozoa Can have three types of locomotion (movement) 1. cilia—short, hair-like projections 2. flagella—long, whip-like “tails” 3. pseudopodia (“false feet”)—large, round cytoplasmic extensions that help move cell. They also surround and engulf food.

5. Protozoa in the News Calvin and Hobbes (Bill Watterson)

6. Types of Protozoa: Amoebas Ameobas (Sarcodines) Use pseudopodia Shape constantly changes Live in fresh or salt water, soil Amoeba engulfing a paramecium

7. Amoebas Can cause disease: Amoebic dysentery --spread by contaminated food or water; causes severe intestinal problems; can be fatal

8. Types of Protozoa: Ciliates Have cilia Live in ponds, slow moving streams Example: Paramecium Ciliated protozoan

9. Types of Protozoa: Flagellates Have 1 or more flagella Live in lakes, ponds Many are parasitic Ex: Giardia lamblia (intestinal parasite)

10. Colonization of the gut results in inflammation and villous atrophy, reducing the gut's absorptive capability. In humans, infection is symptomatic only about 50% of the time, and protocol for treating asymptomatic individuals is controversial. [4] Symptoms of infection include (in order of frequency) diarrhea, malaise, excessive gas (often flatulence or a foul or sulphuric-tasting belch, which has been known to be so nauseating in taste that it can cause the infected person to vomit), steatorrhoea (pale, foul smelling, greasy stools), epigastric pain, bloating, nausea, diminished interest in food, possible (but rare) vomiting which is often violent, and weight loss. [4] Pus, mucus and blood are occasionally present in the stool. It usually causes "explosive diarrhea" and while unpleasant, is not fatal. In healthy individuals, the condition is usually self-limiting, although the infection can be prolonged in patients who are immunocompromised, or who have decreased gastric acid secretion. [4] [4]malaisesteatorrhoea [4]

11. Types of Protozoa: Sporozoans Produce spores Many adult forms have no locomotion Many are parasitic, live in blood and tissue of host

12. Sporozoans Ex: toxoplasmosis—why pregnant women should not change litterboxes Plasmodium—causes malaria, spread by bite of female Anopheles mosquito

13. Plant-like Protists: Algae Unicellular or multicellular ALGAE Can be very large OR microscopic Photoautotrophic, go through photosynthesis Reasons why algae is not a plant: – Lack organs (don’t have leaves, roots, stems) – Different type of reproduction than plants

14. Algae Phytoplankton—microscopic protists that live in water – Major source of food for ocean life – Major producer for food chain Diatomaceous earth —when diatoms die, they settle at the bottom of oceans. Build up over time into layers. Material used as abrasive in cleaning supplies and toothpaste

15. Unicellular Algae: Euglena Have flagella Live in fresh water Contractile vacuole —gets rid of excess water (hypotonic environments)

16. Euglena Very flexible (no cell wall) Usually photosynthetic, but can be heterotrophic Has an eyespot—helps cell find light

17. Unicellular Algae: Diatoms Photosynthetic Outer shells made of silica (glass-like material) Release large amounts of oxygen Large component of phytoplankton

18. Unicellular Algae: Dinoflagellates Small, usually unicellular Most photosyn., but can be heterotrophs Tend to be yellow, green or red Some are bioluminescent (glow)

19. Dinoflagellates Some produce “red tides” – release a toxin that kills fish and humans if we eat contaminated food

20. Multicellular Algae: Red Algae Ocean seaweed Live in deep waters Used as a food (nori)

21. Multicellular Algae: Green Algae Can be unicellular Most diverse group of algae Most live in fresh water, but can live in oceans, soil

22. Green Algae Some are colonial (many cells living together) Ex. Volvox

23. Multicellular Algae: Brown Algae Usually in salt water Large Ex. Kelp

24. Fungus-like Protists 1st part of life cycle spent as an amoeba-like organisms Later, they grow and look like a slimy, white/yellow mold Can be seen without microscope Dog Vomit Mold

25. Fungus-like Protists Two types: – slime molds – water molds Examples: – white “fuzz” on dead fish/leaves – Potato Blight that caused the Irish Potato Famine *THEY ARE ALL DECOMPOSERS*

26. Protists Reproduction 1. binary fission— asexual 2. conjugation— asexual 3. fragmentation—asexual; algae will break into pieces and each piece grows into a new individual

27. Reproduction: Alternation of Generations Alternation of generation —life cycle that alternates between a haploid and diploid generation haploid—gametes (gametophytes) diploid—results from fusion of gametes (sporophytes)

29. KINGDOM FUNGI

30. Overview Eukaryotic Can be uni- or multicellular Heterotrophic always (they absorb nutrients) Cell walls made of chitin (a tough carbohydrate)

31. Four Main Phylums: 1) Zygomycota “pair or union” 2) Ascomycota “bag” 3) Basidiomycota “pedestal” 4) Deuteromycota “secondary”

32. Structure Hyphae—hair-like filaments of fungi that can group together to form larger structures called mycelium (a cluster of hyphae)

33. Structure

34. Uses of Fungi Decomposers for environment Make foods – Edible mushrooms, truffles – Bleu cheese – Breads and alcohols are made with yeast (a single celled fungus) – Medicines (ex: antibiotic Penicillin)

35. Nutrition Fungi release enzymes that break down food outside of cells. Then, the fungi absorbs the nutrients from their surroundings

36. Obtaining Nutrients 1. Saprophyte—lives on dead organic (carbon-containing) matter 2. Parasite—absorbs nutrients from living cells

37. Obtaining Nutrients 3. Mutualistic—lives in a symbiotic (mutually beneficial) relationship with another organism ex: Lichens—organisms made of both an algae (protist) and a fungus. – Algae - provides energy through photosynthesis – Fungi - provides moisture/place to grow

38. Fungi Reproduction Type of reproduction that a fungus has is important in classification into species

39. Fungus Reproduction 1. Asexually A. Fragmentation—part of hyphae breaks off and grows into a new mycelium B. Budding—cells replicate their DNA, split into two identical cells Ex: yeast C. Spores—reproductive cells that can develop into new organisms (are NOT true seeds, but they act in a similar way)

40. Fungus Reproduction 2. Sexually Can happen occasionally When hyphae from two different fungi meet, they can fuse together and make spores that combine genetic info from both hyphae

41. Fungal Infections Human infections – Can cause allergies/severe respiratory illnesses – Infect hair, skin, nails Athlete's foot, jock itch, and ringworm are caused by the same fungus that can grow in various locations

42. Fungal Infections Plants – Some “blights” are caused by fungi – Almost all chestnut trees have been infected with a blight

43. More Examples Unicellular: – Yeast (Sac fungus) Colonies resemble bacteria Are naturally occurring in humans, but when growth gets “out of control” can cause yeast infections Multicellular – Mushroom (Club fungus)