1. Taxonomy and Classification
Finding Oder In Diversity

2. Finding Order in Diversity
CLASSIFICATION
Finding Order
in Diversity
There is a student study guide sheet that goes with this Powerpoint lesson for TEKS Biology.

3. DEFINE TAXONOMY
Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name.
In the United Kingdom, the word buzzard refers to a hawk, whereas in many parts of the United States, buzzard refers to a vulture.

4. WHY CLASSIFY?
1. To study the diversity of life, biologists use a classification system to name organisms and group them in a logical manner.
Ask students: What characteristics do these organisms have that might lead scientists to group them together?
What differences do they have that distinguish one from the other?

5. WHY CLASSIFY?
When taxonomists classify organisms, they organize them into groups that have biological significance.
What is this first organism?
How does this second organism relate to the first?
And the third?
And the fourth?
All of these organisms are known as birds. When we hear the word bird, we immediately form a mental picture in our minds of what birds look like.

6. WHY CLASSIFY?
Classification makes life easier. What are some ways we classify?
Think of all the different types of music there is. What if you wanted to buy a new CD at the store? How do you go about finding the CD?
When you grocery shop? How do you know where to look for Lucky Charms cereal?
At school, what are some ways that we classify students?
Think of how much more difficult our lives would be without the alphabet, without numbers, without the Dewey decimal system, without a phonebook.

7. ASSIGNING SCIENTIFIC NAMES
Using common names is confusing because many organisms may have several different common names.
The cougar is also known as the mountain lion, puma or catamount…thus the need for a scientific name.
Photo courtesy Texas Parks and Wildlife Department © 2004
Felis concolor

8. A Swedish botanist named Carolus Linnaeus developed Binomial Nomenclature, a two-word naming
system for naming
all species on earth.
What do botanists
study?
Botanists study plants.

9. ASSIGNING SCIENTIFIC NAMES
2a. The first part of the scientific name is the genus. This word is always written first and the first letter is capitalized. It appears in italics or is underlined.
Homo sapien
Grizzly bear picture is reproduced with permission from WWF. © 2004 WWF- World Wide Fund For Nature (Formerly World Wildlife Fund). All Rights Reserved
Ursus arctos

10. ASSIGNING SCIENTIFIC NAMES
2b.
The second part of the scientific name is the species name. This word is always written second and the first letter is lower-case.
It appears in italics or is underlined.
Homo sapien
Ask students to notice how both words appear: in italics or they may both be underlined.
Ursus arctos

11. LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION
Linnaeus’s hierarchical system of classification includes eight levels. They are, from largest to smallest, Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
You may want to have students draw a pyramid and draw 6 horizontal lines across to divide the pyramid up into 7 sections. Then have the students list the 7 taxonomic categories from bottom to top, starting with Kingdom at the bottom in the widest section and ending with species at the top in the smallest section.

12. LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION
The Domain is the largest and most inclusive (includes) of the taxonomic categories.
Species is the smallest and least inclusive of the taxonomic categories.

13. LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION
4. The more taxonomic levels that two organisms share, the more closely related they are considered to be.

14. LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION
What do the scientific names of the polar, grizzly and panda bears tell you about their similarity to each other?
The shared genus name Ursus indicates that the grizzly bear and polar bear are more closely related. The panda bear is more distantly related because it does not belong to the same genus as the other two.
Ursus maritimus
Ursus arctos
Ailuropoda melanoleuca
Pictures reproduced with permission from WWF. © 2004 WWF- World Wide Fund For Nature (Formerly World Wildlife Fund). All Rights Reserved

15. THINKING CRITICALLY Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Organism
Cat
Wolf
Fly
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Arthropoda
Class
Mammalia
Insecta
Order
Carnivora
Diptera
Family
Felidae
Canidae
Muscidae
Genus
Felis
Canis
Musca
Species
F. domesticus
C. lupus
M. domestica
Have students study this chart. The next slide lists three questions to answer using this chart. You may have to advance to the next slide, let students read the question and then come back to the chart so they can find the answer.

16. THINKING CRITICALLY What type of animal is Musca domestica?
From the table, which 2 animals are most closely related?
3. At what classification level does the evolutionary relationship between cats and wolves diverge (become different)?
Animal; insect
Cat and Wolf
Family Level

17. EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION
Biologists group organisms into categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent, or phylogeny, not just physical similarities.
Define Phylogeny: The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms.

18. EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATIONB C D E F
Clade or
lineage
TIME
Definition of Clade: A group of organisms, such as a species, whose members share homologous features derived from a common ancestor.
The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Third Edition copyright © 1992 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Electronic version licensed from INSO Corporation; further reproduction and distribution restricted in accordance with the Copyright Law of the United States. All rights reserved.
Speciation: formation of two
new species from one

19. EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION
Classification using Cladograms
a. Cladograms are diagrams that show the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms.
b. The cladogram on the next slide shows the evolutionary relationship among several vertebrates.

20. CLADOGRAM Jaws Lungs Claws or Nails Feathers Hagfish Fish Frog Lizard
Pigeon
Mouse
Chimp
Fur &
Mammary
Glands

21. CLADOGRAM
c. The characteristics listed below the line are called derived characters (traits).
d. When the derived character appears above an organism, the organism lacks that derived character. When the derived character appears below the organism, the organism possesses that derived character.

22. Hierarchical System Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus
species
Dear King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup
{SCIENTIFIC NAME}

23. 5 or 6 Kingdoms? Three Domains: 6 Kingdom System:
Archaea (lack a nucleus)
Bacteria (lack a nucleus)
Eukarya (have a nucleus)
6 Kingdom System:
Archaebacteria,
Eubacteria,
Protista,
Fungi,
Plantae,
Animalia
These 2 are sometimes combined together to form the Monera Kingdom when only 5 Kingdoms are used

24. Cell Types Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
No nucleus
No membrane-bound organelles
Most μm in size
Evolved 3.5 billion years ago
Only Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Kingdoms
Has nucleus
Many organelles
Many 2-1,000 μm in size
Evolved 1.5 billion years ago
Includes Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia Kingdoms

25. Types of Nutrition: Autotrophs or Heterotrophs
1.) photosynthetic -organism that uses energy from the sun to make its own food, and
2.) chemosynthetic -simple nonliving chemical nutrients such as H2S, sulfur, and iron is consumed and made into living tissue; makes its own food.
All autotrophs make their own food!
Heterotrophs: organisms that cannot make its own food—must eat other organisms or organic wastes
Absorbers: produces enzymes that break down food particles outside its body, then absorbs the digested molecules

26. Prokaryotic cells Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Kingdoms

27. Bacteria Shapes Coccus (spherical shaped) Bacillus (rod shaped)
Singular Plural
Coccus cocci
Bacillus bacilli
Spirillum spirilla
Singular Plural
Coccus cocci
Bacillus bacilli
Spirillum spirilla
Spirillum(spiral/curved walls)

28. Kingdom Archaebacteria
methanic
Kingdom Archaebacteria
halophile
halophile
methanic
sulfurous
halophile

29. Kingdom Archaebacteria
Cell Type: Prokaryotes (original life form on earth and gave rise to eukaryotes; believed to be the ancestors of the protists; called the “ancient bacteria”)
Cell structure: no nucleus, no organelles, have cell walls that contain lipids found in no other organism
Body Forms: unicellular
Nutrition: autotrophs or heterotrophs
Niche: extreme environments such as deep sea volcanic vents, hot springs, salt flats and brine pools, and black organic mud that lacks oxygen (anaerobic)
Reproduction: asexual (binary fission)
Neat Facts: fewer than 100 species

30. Examples of Archaebacteria
Halophiles (Salt lovers)
Acidophiles (love acidic environments)
Sulfurous bacteria (high sulfur environments)
Methanic bacteria (high methane environments)
Anaerobic bacteria (no oxygen)

31. Kingdom Eubacteria

32. Kingdom Eubacteria

33. Kingdom Eubacteria
Cell Type: Prokaryotes - gave rise to eukaryote cell organelles; believed to be the ancestors of mitochondria and chloroplasts; considered the “true bacteria”
Cell Structure: no nucleus; no organelles; cell walls contain complex carbohydrates; all species have at least one inner cell membrane
Body Forms: unicellular
Nutrition: photosynthetic and chemical autotrophs, and heterotrophs
Niche: Common environments, live in and on organisms
Reproduction: mainly asexual (binary fission); sexual (conjugation)
Neat Facts: extremely diverse—5,000 species; many cause disease; some make vitamins and help with digestion; used for food and drugs; decomposers, fix nitrogen

34. Examples of Eubacteria
Strep (Streptococcus aureus)
Cyanobacteria
Salmonella
Clostridium botulinum
E. coli

35. Bacterial Fossils of blue-green algae cyanobacteria
2.6 billion years old
3.2 billion years old
Algal mats preserved in rock
Modern day

36. Eukaryotic Cells – Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia
Protists – yellow; fungi – red; plantae – green; animalia - blue

37. Kingdom Protista from microscopic to 150 feet large (the “catch-all kingdom”)

38. Diversity in Kingdom Protista

39. Kingdom Protista Cell Type: Eukaryotes (“catch all” kingdom)
Cell structure: have a nucleus, mitochondria, and some have chloroplasts
Body Forms: mostly unicellular, some multicellular, some colonial
Nutrition: autotrophic or heterotrophic; ingestion, absorption, or photosynthesis
Niche: freshwater and ocean water, in and on organisms; anywhere where there is water or a moist environment
Reproduction: asexual or sexual
Neat Facts: autotrophic protists produce 1/3 of oxygen in the atmosphere; wide range of sizes

40. Examples of Protists Euglena Paramecium Amoeba Diatoms Slime mold
Algae
Kelp
Red Tide

41. Kingdom Fungi

42. Kingdom Fungi Cell Type: Eukaryotes
Cell structure: have a nucleus, mitochondria, but no chloroplasts; cell wall of chitin
Body Forms: some unicellular, most multicellular
Nutrition: heterotrophic (absorption); mostly decomposers
Niche: most are terrestrial (land), some live on organisms
Reproduction: asexual and sexual (rarely)
Neat Facts: some cause disease; fix nitrogen; make medicine and foods; major decomposers

43. Examples of Fungi Bread molds Mushrooms Yeast Mildews Truffles
Penicillium

44. Kingdom Plantae

45. Kingdom Plantae Cell Type: Eukaryotes
Cell structure: have a nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts; cell walls of cellulose; advanced differentiation of tissues (roots, leaves, reproductive structures)
Body Forms: multicellular
Nutrition: photosynthetic terrestrial autotrophs
Niche: mostly on land (terrestrial); some water
Reproduction: sexual
Neat Facts: provide oxygen; convert energy to food; used for paper, textiles, medicine

46. Examples of Plants
Trees
Flowers
Ferns
Mosses
Grasses

47. Kingdom Animalia

48. Kingdom Animalia Cell Type: Eukaryotes
Cell structure: have a nucleus, mitochondria, but no chloroplasts and no cell walls; advanced differentiation of tissues and complex organs
Body Forms: multicellular
Nutrition: heterotrophic
Niche: anywhere—land (most), water, sea and air
Reproduction: sexual and asexual
Neat Facts: used for food, clothing

49. Examples of Animals Snails Sponges Fish Turtles Snakes Mammals Birds
Worms
Insects