3. The Origins of the Civil War (Part One)

4. “I think a change already perceptible, since the origin of the present revolution. The spirit of the master is abating, that of the slave rising from the dust, his condition is mollifying, the way I hope preparing, under the auspices of heaven, for a total emancipation, and that this is disposed... to be with the consent of the masters.” –Thomas Jefferson, 1782

5. changes in the slave states in the 1790s spread of commodity agriculture

6. changes in the slave states in the 1790s and early 1800s spread of commodity agriculture -capital intensive

7. changes in the slave states in the 1790s and early 1800s spread of commodity agriculture -capital intensive -risky

8. changes in the slave states in the 1790s and early 1800s spread of commodity agriculture -capital intensive -risky -requires large and docile labor force

9. changes in the slave states in the 1790s and early 1800s spread of commodity agriculture -capital intensive -risky -requires large and docile labor force intensification of slave regime -slavery as permanent state -slavery aligned with blackness

10. early nineteenth century slave statesfree states economiccommodity agriculture social political ideological culture

11. early nineteenth century slave statesfree states economiccommodity agriculture socialplanter and dependents (vertical) political ideological culture

12. early nineteenth century slave statesfree states economiccommodity agriculture socialplanter and dependents (vertical) politicalquasi-aristocratic, quasi-feudal ideological culture

13. early nineteenth century slave statesfree states economiccommodity agriculture socialplanter and dependents (vertical) politicalquasi-aristocratic, quasi-feudal ideologicalpaternalism, chivalry culture

14. “Talk then not about kind and Christian masters. They are not masters of the system. The system is master of them.” -James Pennington, former slave “It is not the fault of the slaveholder that he is so cruel, so much as it is the fault of the system under which he lives.” -Solomon Northrup, former slave

15. “The master should feel it his duty to make them as comfortable as circumstances permit.” “As far as practicable, families of negroes should be kept together.” -taken from guides to managing slaves

16. early nineteenth century slave statesfree states economiccommodity agriculture socialplanter and dependents (vertical) politicalquasi-aristocratic, quasi-feudal ideologicalpaternalism, chivalry culturepleasure

17. early nineteenth century slave statesfree states economiccommodity agriculturesubsistence farming, artisanal labor socialplanter and dependents (vertical) politicalquasi-aristocratic, quasi-feudal ideologicalpaternalism, chivalry culturepleasure

18. early nineteenth century slave statesfree states economiccommodity agriculturesubsistence farming, artisanal labor socialplanter and dependents (vertical)yeoman farmers, artisans (horizontal) politicalquasi-aristocratic, quasi-feudal ideologicalpaternalism, chivalry culturepleasure

19. early nineteenth century slave statesfree states economiccommodity agriculturesubsistence farming, artisanal labor socialplanter and dependents (vertical)yeoman farmers, artisans (horizontal) politicalquasi-aristocratic, quasi-feudaldemocratic ideologicalpaternalism, chivalry culturepleasure

20. early nineteenth century slave statesfree states economiccommodity agriculturesubsistence farming, artisanal labor socialplanter and dependents (vertical)yeoman farmers, artisans (horizontal) politicalquasi-aristocratic, quasi-feudaldemocratic ideologicalpaternalism, chivalryindependence, American culturepleasure

21. “We are the most perfect society now existing in the world. Here man is free as he ought to be. Our society here is not composed, as in Europe, of great lords who possess everything, and of a herd of people who have nothing. Here are no aristocratical families, no courts, no kings, no bishops, no ecclesiastical dominion... no great manufacturers employing thousands, no great refinements of luxury.” -Crevecoeur, Letters from an American Farmer (1782)

22. “The social condition of the Americans is eminently democratic. This was its character at the foundation of the colonies, and it is still more strongly marked at the present day. Nothing struck me more forcibly than the general equality of condition among the people. Indeed men are there seen on a greater equality than in any other country of the world, or in any age which history has preserved to remembrance.” -de Tocqueville, Notes (1831)

23. early nineteenth century slave statesfree states economiccommodity agriculturesubsistence farming, artisanal labor socialplanter and dependents (vertical)yeoman farmers, artisans (horizontal) politicalquasi-aristocratic, quasi-feudaldemocratic ideologicalpaternalism, chivalryindependence, American culturepleasure

24. early nineteenth century slave statesfree states economiccommodity agriculturesubsistence farming, artisanal labor socialplanter and dependents (vertical)yeoman farmers, artisans (horizontal) politicalquasi-aristocratic, quasi-feudaldemocratic ideologicalpaternalism, chivalryindependence, American culturepleasure

25. changes in the free states in the 1820s – 1840s market revolution

26. changes in the free states in the 1820s – 1840s market revolution population explosion (immigration)

27. changes in the free states in the 1820s – 1840s market revolution population explosion (immigration) diversified economy

28. 1850s slave statesfree states economiccommodity agriculture socialplanter and dependents (vertical) politicalquasi-aristocratic, quasi-feudal ideologicalpaternalism, chivalry culturepleasure

29. 1850s slave statesfree states economiccommodity agriculturecommerce, manufacturing, professions, commodity agriculture socialplanter and dependents (vertical) politicalquasi-aristocratic, quasi-feudal ideologicalpaternalism, chivalry culturepleasure

30. 1850s slave statesfree states economiccommodity agriculturecommerce, industry, professions, commodity agriculture socialplanter and dependents (vertical)employer and employed (vertical) politicalquasi-aristocratic, quasi-feudal ideologicalpaternalism, chivalry culturepleasure

31. 1850s slave statesfree states economiccommodity agriculturecommerce, industry, professions, commodity agriculture socialplanter and dependents (vertical)employer and employed (vertical) politicalquasi-aristocratic, quasi-feudaldemocratic ideologicalpaternalism, chivalry culturepleasure

32. 1850s slave statesfree states economiccommodity agriculturecommerce, industry, professions, commodity agriculture socialplanter and dependents (vertical)employer and employed (vertical) politicalquasi-aristocratic, quasi-feudaldemocratic ideologicalpaternalism, chivalrybourgeois culturepleasure

33. 1850s slave statesfree states economiccommodity agriculturecommerce, industry, professions, commodity agriculture socialplanter and dependents (vertical)employer and employed (vertical) politicalquasi-aristocratic, quasi-feudaldemocratic ideologicalpaternalism, chivalrybourgeois culturepleasureimprovement of self and world

34. additional readings Dew, Charles B. Apostles of Disunion: Southern Secession Commissioners and the Causes of the Civil War. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2001. Levine, Bruce. Half Slave and Half Free: The Roots of Civil War. 1992. New York: Hill and Wang, 2005.