1. Unit 10: Classification of Living Things

2. Tacitus bellus Populus tremuloides Quaking Aspen Finding Order in Diversity *To study the diversity of life, biologists use a classification system to name organisms and group them in a logical manner. All Scientist will be using the same name Taxonomy is the branch of biology that groups and names organisms based on studies of their different characteristics. Biologists who study taxonomy are called taxonomists. Classification systems change with expanding knowledge.

3. Carolus von Linnaeus (1707-1778) Carolus Linnaeus Swedish botanist Developed Binomial Nomenclature ***All Scientist will be using the same scientific name. Two-word naming system –Genus »Noun, Capitalized, Underlined or Italicized –Species »Descriptive, Lower Case, Underlined or Italicized –Each species is assigned a two-part scientific name »Ex. Ursus arctos

4. System of Classification Linnaeus’s hierarchical system of classification includes eight levels (from largest to smallest) Grizzly Bear (common name) –Domain Eukarya –Kingdom Animalia –Phylum Chordata –Class Mammalia –Order Carnivora –Family Ursidae –Genus Ursus –Species arctos Each of the levels is called a TAXON Ursus arctos (scientific name)

5. System of Classification Taxonomic categories, an acronym: –DomainDear –KingdomKing –PhylumPhillip –ClassCame –OrderOver –FamilyFor –GenusGood –SpeciesSoup KPCOFGS

6. Use the table to complete the worksheet Worksheet

7. Phylogeny – evolutionary relationships among organisms Evolutionary classification – strategy of grouping organisms together based on their evolutionary history –Fossil record –Comparative homologies –Comparative sequencing of DNA/RNA among organisms –Molecular clocks Evolutionary Classification

8. Molecular Clock Allows scientist to compare DNA sequences from two species to estimate how long it has been since they diverged from a common ancestor

9. Taxonomic Diagrams Phylogenetic Tree: Represent hypothesized evolutionary relationships MammalsTurtlesLizards and SnakesCrocodilesBirds Looks like a Branch on a tree

10. Attempt to trace the process of evolution by focusing on shared features MammalsTurtlesLizards and SnakesCrocodilesBirds Cladogram Taxonomic Diagrams Which organism is the outgroup Mammals Which 2 organism are more closely related Crocodiles and birds

11. Refer to page 496 to 497 Worksheet

13. The more specific you get, the more options you have. (3) (6) (32) (90) (493) (5,404) (94,240) (953,434)

14. Dichotomous Keys Identify Organisms Dichotomous keys contain pairs of contrasting descriptions. After each description, the key directs the user to another pair of descriptions or identifies the organism. Example: 1.a) Is the leaf simple? Go to 2 b) Is the leaf compound? Go to 3 2.a) Are margins of the leaf jagged? Go to 4 b) Are margins of the leaf smooth? Go to 5

15. Worksheet

16. Classification of Living Things

17. Domains (Notice the domains on the chart) Most inclusive category Larger than a kingdom There are 3 –Eukarya – includes the kingdoms »Protists, Fungi, Plants & Animals –Bacteria – corresponds to the kingdom Eubacteria –Archaea – corresponds to the kingdom Archaebacteria

18. Slides 17-23 Is more specific with the classification

19. Kingdoms (Eubacteria and Archaebacteria) Prokaryotes, with or without peptidoglycan in cell walls Protista – Eukaryotes, diverse, not fungi, plants, or animals Fungi – Eukaryotes, multicellular (except yeasts), heterotrophic, chitin in cell walls Plantae – Eukaryotes, multicellular, autotrophic, cell wall containing cellulose Animalia – Eukaryotes, multicellular, heterotrophic, no cell wall

20. Kingdom - Eubacteria Common name: Bacteria Unicellular prokaryotes Peptidogylcan in cell wall Ecologically diverse Basic shapes are cocci, bacilli, spirilla Reproduce both sexually and asexually Bacillus anthracis (spores can live in soil for years) Streptococcus mutans (can cause endocarditis and dental caries)

21. Kingdom - Archaebacteria Cell wall does not contain peptidogylcan Cell membrane contains unusual lipids not found in other organisms Live in extreme environments (devoid of oxygen): –volcanic hot springs –brine pools –black organic mud Archaea first detected in extreme environments, such as volcanic hot springs.

22. Kingdom Protista A classification problem – consists of organisms that cannot be classified as animals, plants, or fungi Most unicellular, some colonial and some multicellular Autotrophic and heterotrophic Some move with flagella, pseudopods or cilia Animal-like, plant-like and fungus-like groups Reproduce by mitosis and meiosis Entamoeba histolytica

23. Kingdom Fungi Most feed on dead, decaying organic matter by secreting digestive enzymes into their food source then absorbing it into their bodies Cell walls of CHITIN Most multicellular; some unicellular Heterotrophic Boletus zelleri (Edible, but often infected with fly larvae) Epidermophyton floccosum (one of the causes of athlete's foot)

24. Kingdom Plantae Multicellular Nonmotile – cannot move from place to place Cell wall with cellulose Mostly photosynthetic autotrophs Sunflowers in Fargo, North Dakota Ginkgo biloba Ginkgos are often very long-lived. Some specimens are thought to be more than 3,500 years old.

25. Kingdom Animalia Multicellular Heterotrophic No cell walls or chloroplasts Incredibly diversity Chambered Nautilus Colony of sponges Hymenoptera Dialictus zephrum Txodes scapularis Deer tick

26. Hierarchical System of Classification Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species From general to more specific

27. How Many Kingdoms? 6 Kingdoms

28. Activity: What am I?

29. Ecotherms vs Endotherms Ectotherm, Any so-called cold-blooded animal; that is, any animal whose regulation of body temperature depends on external sources, such as sunlight or a heated rock surface. The ectotherms include the fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and invertebrates.animalfish amphibianreptile invertebrate Endotherm, so-called warm-blooded animals; that is, those that maintain a constant body temperature independent of the environment. The endotherms primarily include the birds and mammals.birds mammals