1. T ODAY ’ S C LASS  Introduction to Government Systems  Discussion of 9/11 attacks  Important Dates:  Monday - No School!  Block Day – Presidential Profile Due  Friday/Monday – Identifications Due

2. F OUNDATIONS OF G OVERNMENT United States Government & Economics

3. W HY D O W E H AVE G OVERNMENTS ?  With a partner consider the following:  Why do we have governments?  What purposes do governments have?  How do governments serve the people (if at all)?  Is it necessary to have a government for a country to function?

4. E VERY C OUNTRY IN THE W ORLD HAS A G OVERNMENT …  Helps people cooperate with one another  Provides basic services to the population  Provides a set of laws that all people obey  Guarantees certain freedoms, rights, etc.  Establishes unity across the nation  And many, many more…

5. TYPES OF GOVERNMENTS Democratic TypeDescriptionExample Non-Democratic Try to begin your notes on types of governments by brainstorming systems /examples of democracies and non-democracies. TypeDescriptionExample

6. TYPES OF GOVERNMENTS Democratic  Direct Democracy: All voters meet and decide the proper course of action  Representative Democracy: People elect officials to carry out government actions on their behalf  Republic: System with elected officials where power is held primarily by the people

7. TYPES OF GOVERNMENTS Non-Democratic  Monarchy: king or queen  Dictator: one ruler of absolute power  Oligarchy: Small number of people lead the nation  Often has tie of wealth…needs a means to separate classes  Theocracy: Leader of the government is the leader of the state religion; laws based on religious code

8. SYSTEMS OF GOVERNMENT

9. O RGANIZER FOR YOUR NOTES SYSTEMDESCRIPTIONVISUALSTRENGTHSWEAKNESSESEXAMPLES UNITARY CONFEDERATE FEDERAL

10. U NITARY S YSTEM  Central government holds all the power  Gives directives to lower governments  Allocates power as they choose  Example: Great Britain during Revolution

11. C ONFEDERATE S YSTEM  Local governments hold the power  Weak central government  Promotes cooperation between states  Often has voluntary membership and states can leave  Treaties often used to define relationships between the states

12. F EDERAL S YSTEM  Central and local governments share power  Often times, a document outlines which powers each shares (CONSTITUTION)  May have powerful central government, but it may not dissolve states

13. T HINK -P AIR -S HARE  Think  Individually, write out the pros and cons of each system of government  Try to add additional examples to your list  Pair  With a partner, discuss the systems, compare organizers, and come to a consensus on the best system.  Why is this system better than the others?  Think in terms of efficiency, fairness, stability, etc.  Share  Class Discussion

14. T ODAY ’ S C LASS  Declaration of Independence  Historical Significance  Reading of the Declaration  Jefferson’s Intent  Reminder: Presidential Profile Project is due on the Block  Block: Articles of Confederation & Constitution

15. D ECLARATION OF I NDEPENDENCE  Watch the reading of the Declaration of Independence (and preface by Morgan Freeman) as a class and come up with a list of the five key points Jefferson was trying to make in this document.  Discuss the reasons as to why Jefferson worded the document the way he did and what goals he was trying to accomplish. Follow up from last week…what system of government is represented by King George III? Explain how this document and historical context exemplifies one of the weaknesses you came up with last week.

16. T HE D ECLARATION OF I NDEPENDENCE

17. D ECLARATION OF I NDEPENDENCE Declaration: Page 38 of Textbook It’s not Festivus… …but the same general idea?

18. S TRUCTURE  Preamble  Explains why it is necessary to leave  Right to become state  Rights of People  Basic Human Rights  Consent of Governed  Self-Government  Grievances List  Tyrannical Actions  Lack of Self-Government  Abandonment of Citizens Abroad  Call to Arms, Defense of Colonists…WE ARE THE GOOD GUYS!  Actual Declaration

19. W HY DOES THIS ALL MATTER ?  Created a new government? NO  Started the war? NO  Rallied the troops? MAYBE  Discussed ideas of our democracy? YES

20. L ET ’ S THINK ABOUT THIS …  Why did Jefferson put the grievances in there?  He says gov’t shouldn’t be overthrown often, yet this is essentially a document stating an overthrow.  Why is “united States of America” important?  Signers: put name against the king…rebel or hero? What happens if we lose?

21. D ECLARATION MEANT TO BE SPOKEN … OR SUNG ? TJ AND THE R EVOLUTION

22. T ODAY ’ S CL ASS  Collect Presidential Profiles (Make sure name is somewhere on project—even if it is on the back)  Identifications for Ch. 2 & 3 will be due Monday  Today’s Agenda  Snapshot of Articles of Confederation, Constitutional Ideas, Constitution itself  Constitutional Scavenger Hunt Assignment (will get most done in class—due Fri.)  Extra time? Finish up those IDs!

23. ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION STRENGTHS:  To declare war and make peace  To coin and borrow money at state level  To detail with foreign countries and sign treaties  To operate post offices WEAKNESSES:  The national government could not force the states to obey its laws  It did not have the power to tax  It did not have the power to enforce laws  Congress lacked strong and steady leadership  There was no national army or navy  There was no system of national courts  There was no strong executive branch  Each state could put tariffs on trade between states (A tariff is a tax on goods coming in from another state or country.)

24. I DEOLOGY BEHIND C ONSTITUTION  Social Contract Theory  Major Theorists: Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau  Relationship between individuals and their governments need mutual consent  Important historical role in the emergence of the idea that political authority must be derived from the consent of the governed  Citizens give up some rights

25. I DEOLOGY BEHIND C ONSTITUTION  Popular Sovereignty  Legitimate states must have consent of the people  People have all the political power Explain: How does this work in the US?

26. K EY V OCABULARY  Limited Government  Government with specific restrictions on power  Constitution did this by clarifying what government can and cannot legally do to the citizens  Try to come up with examples of how this works within the United States today  Majority Rule  Everyone will accept the decision of the majority  Minority Rights: Provisions to protect minority views on issues  Come up with examples of how majority rule exists in the US and how minority rights are protected

27. T HE C ONSTITUTION  Why was it created?  What are some key ideas outlined within the Constitution?  Explain the structure of our government system

28. T HE C ONSTITUTION  Why was it created?  Originally to fix the Articles…then just replaced them  Created the new laws of the land based on a FEDERAL system  What are some key ideas outlined within the Constitution?  Federalism, Checks/Balances, Separation of Powers  Explain the structure of our government system  Multiple layers…State/Federal, 3 Branches

29. A T IMELINE : H ISTORICAL C ONTEXT AND R EVIEW  1775: Revolutionary War Begins  1776: Declaration of Independence  1777: Articles of Confederation Adopted  1781: Articles of Confederation goes into effect  1783: Revolutionary War Ends  1787: Constitutional Convention  Debate between Federalists and Anti-Federalists  1788: Constitution Ratified  1789: Constitution goes into effect

31. S EPARATION OF P OWERS Creates the system of “checks and balances”

32. A MENDING THE C ONSTITUTION

33. T HE A MENDMENT P ROCESS : A RTICLE V  Outlined in Article V of the Constitution  Amendment Proposal:  2/3 vote in both houses of Congress  Legislatures in 2/3 of the states (34 of 50) can ask Congress to call for a national convention  Ratification of Amendments  ¾ of the states must approve (38 of 50)  Approved by state legislatures or state conventions  Why is it difficult to amend the Constitution?

34. A MENDMENTS  Constitution amended a total of 27 times  If people do not like results of an amendment, they may repeal it  Example: 1933, 21 st amendment repealed the 18 th amendment (Prohibition)

35. I NTERPRETING THE C ONSTITUTION  Congressional laws  Example: Minimum Wage  Congress can control trade between states  Goods made by workers travel amongst states  Thus, Congress has power to pass laws about working conditions nationally  Always able to be overturned by Judicial Review  Congress can rewrite the law using the court’s objections as guidance