1. Value Sets Conformity Tradition Security Self-direction Stimulation
Hedonism
Universalism
Benevolence
Power
Achievement
Conservation (1,2,3)
vs. Openness to change (4,5,6)
Self-transcendence (7,8)
vs. Self-enhancement (6,9,10)

2. The Importance of Values
“Desirable, transsituational goals, varying in importance, that serve as guiding principles in the life of a person or other social entity”
Schwartz, 1994
Values are stable across time and context
Values occur in sets that can be ordered and prioritized
Weighting of values accounts for endless variations in individual, interpersonal, institutional, and cultural value orientations

3. Weighting Values
Fascist, capitalist, socialist, and communist ideologies could be distinguished by their relative ranking of only two values: freedom and equality. Even if people could agree on a universal set of values, we would never agree on how to weight each one in a given situation.

4. Value Characteristics
Sometimes elusive
Operate at different levels
Involve choice
Pertain to the desirable and moral
Refer to goals
Motivate action
Exist in ordered sets

5. Values in Community Psychology
Context
Context shapes values; well-being may depend on the congruence between personal values and the values in various contexts
Diversity
Other groups value different ways of thinking; lack of attention to spirituality impeded efforts to devise culturally valid and effective interventions
Social Change
Values direct and sustain social change; our values based social convictions enable us to pursue social justice
Strengths
Values are an important source of strength; spirituality and religion are sources of strength for many people and communities

6. Professional Ethics
Ethical guidelines are professional principles established to protect the interests of group members and of the people they serve. APA Ethical Principles and Code of Conduct Institutional Review Board

7. Individualism
Stresses the importance of individuality, independence, autonomy, personal achievement and self-assertion
Psychology stresses self-improvement, self- sufficiency, self-realization, self-fulfillment and self- esteem.
Non-western cultures (70% of the world) are collectivist, where interdependences and interrelationships define the individual in a greater context
Motivation by social achievement

8. Beyond the Individual Lewin - Behavior = f(Person, Environment)
Barker - Behavior settings
Moos - Social climate
Sarason - Psychological sense of community
Kelly - Ecological systems
Bronfenbrenner - Ecological model

9. Barker’s Behavior Settings
Behavior setting – small social systems in which prescribed behaviors unfold over time
Genotype – groups of similar setting types
Setting programs/scripts - the predictable
behaviors within a setting
Underpopulation - provides greater opportunities for
fewer individuals
Overpopluation - more competition, only the best get
to participate
Habitant-inhabitant bias - uneven distribution of
people from different social groups across
behavior settings
Do opportunities coincide with the group’s needs

10. Moos’ Social Climate
Social climate is the personality of a social setting:
Relationship orientation
Personal development orientation
System maintenance/change orientation
Response to change
Social climate scales – questions, Used to identify
outcomes related to specific climates:
High relationship – satisfaction, heightened self-esteem
High development – acquire new skills
Also used to determine person-environment fit – identify the differences between real and ideal environments to drive interventions, placements, and program changes.

11. Sarason’s Sense of Community
The feeling that one belongs to a readily available, mutually supportive network of relationships on which one can depend.
McMillan & Chavis identified four components:
Group membership/Community spirit
Mutual Influence
Integration and need fulfillment
Emotional connection
PSC important for two reasons:
Personal well-being
Sense of community

12. Kelly’s Ecological Analogy
Interdependence – the actions of one component have implications for all the others
Adaptation – survival over time requires effective responses to changing character of the system
Cycling of Resources – these resources include the talents and skills of community members and community characteristics
Succession – Systems are constantly changing, some of the change is predictable as the components within the system move from one role/scenario to another

13. Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model
A framework and language that provides a method for examining settings at different levels and interactions between them. The basis is that individuals live within nested social systems.
Individual/Microsystem – family, work, classroom, workplace
Mesosystem – interactions between microsystems
Exosystem – formal/informal structures that do not contain the individual
Macrosystem – patterns of culture/subculture