2.  This approach explains how organisms learn new behaviours/modify existing ones.  Reward /punishment  Overt behaviour took in concideration-not internal conditions  Psychology as an objective study of behaviour- animal and human being both  Learning takes place through S-R bonds  Major exponents J.B watson,Pavlov,Skinner,Thorndike etc.  Environment has great influence-Watson’s comment

3.  More teacher centered  Content oriented  Learning is mechanical-without repetition and proper conditionig,students will make mistakes.  Lerner is reciever of knowledge-  Role of the behaviourist teacher-providing stimulus material and prompting the correct response. Two types of conditioning are there A:CLASSICAL CONDITIONING B:OPERANT CONDITIONING

4.  Stimulus: Anything that may have an impact or influence on a system. Ex:-Food,water,sound unconditioned stimulus(UCS):natural stimulus:a stimulus that elicits a reflexive /innate response without prior learning. Unconditioned response(UCR):Natural response a reflexive/innate response that is elicited by a stimulus without prior learning. Learning is concidered as habit formation:association&modification

5. 1:-Before conditioning: Tone=> No salivation response UCS(food)Natural stimulus=>natural response UCR(salivation) 2:-During conditioning: CS(tone)+UCS(food) => UCR(salivation) 3:-After Conditioning: CS(tone)=> CR(salivation) “Natural stimulus is substituted with artificial stimulus that generates the same response as of natural stimulus”

6.  Skinner box-rat xpl Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which behavior is influenced by the consequences that follow it(skinner,1938).  Operant-organism operating on its environment

7.  Reinforcement: A response is strengthened by an outcome that follows it.  Punishment: A reponse is weakend by an out come that follows it.

8.  The five major operant processes are listed below. 1: positive reinforcement:- when a response is strengthened by the presentation of a stimulus. Ex:- Rat presses a lever(response)-food pellet appear(stimulus)-liver pressing increases(result).

9. 2:Negative reinforcement:-a response is strengthened by the removal of an aversive stimulus.. Ex:-person takes aspirin-an aversive stimulus is removed(Headache pain goes away)-increased tendency to take aspirin for headache relief.

10. 3:operant extinction: the weakening and eventual disappearance of a response bcs it is no longer reinforced. ex:-Rat presses a lever(response),no food pellets(stimulus) –lever pressing decreases(response).

11. 4:Positive punishment(aversive punishment/Pby aplcn):-presentation of something unpleasant to decrease the probability of the reoccurrence of a behavior. Ex:-two siblings fight over a toy – (A.S)parents scold-fighting decreases(response).

12. 5:Negative punishment ( Response cost,P by removal):removal of something pleasant to decrease/weaken the behaviour expressed Ex:-two sibilings fight over a toy-a stimulus is removed(no tv for 1week).responce(fighting decreases)

13. Classical conditioningOperant conditioning Stimulus orientedResponse oriented Emphasis on stimulus substitution Response modification Connects b/w stimulus and response b/w response and reinforcement Elicited response :reflex like response triggered by CS. (reflex like-salivation &f ear) Emitted response(voluntary) lever pressing. Response operates on the environment. Natural S and Neutral S are paired Response and reinforcement are paired

14. 1-continuous reinforcement: Every response of a particular type is reinforced. 2-fixed intervel: fixed time-> based on the passage of time. 3-fixed ratio :a certain percentage of responses are reinforced. 4:variable reinforcement:varies the time and response.