1. A little History Psychology 3717

2. History is almost the coolest discipline around Well besides psychology…. 19 th century Wilhelm Wundt Didn ’ t really study memory But he started experimental psychology Sensation / perception Elemental processes

3. Ebbinghaus Well, these were all great ideas, but had not been tested. Cue Hermann Ebbinghaus Strangely, both the behaviourists and the cognitive types claim him as their own Nonsense syllables

4. Ebbinghaus Studied himself Found savings Repetition was key Classic forgetting curve Contiguity Reversal was detrimental, so it was not just contiguity but also contingency

5. More on ebby Also found interference Found the magic 7 Figured out that chunking would happen Massed vs. distributed practice Not bad for a career eh! But some dispute his importance They are idiots….

6. William James Stream of consciousness Thought is personal Thought is changing Thought is continuous Thought deals with objects independent of itself It is interested in some things and not others

7. Bill was smart Talked about primary and secondary memory Talked about memory without awareness Got lots of stuff wrong but again, not bad eh

8. Alfred Binet Developed the first real intelligence test Was interested in application in a classroom context so he used more naturalistic stimuli Free recall Found serial position effect Looked at errors, early, acoustic, later, semantic

9. Another smarty pants Found the importance effect with prose memory Found that phrases remembered better than single words First to find the importance of gist See again, not so bad eh

10. Early 20 th century The eclipse of cognition (at least in North America) Introspection if fine done Wundt ’ s way Trained observers Very simple events People working with Titchener too it too far You can ’ t prove or disprove data from my introspections, you are not me

11. Behaviourism Watson Interested only in the observable Consciousness cannot be observed Then, neither can memory S-R Basically became all of what psychology was for a long time, well into the 1950s

12. Some resisted The Gestalt psychologists Didn ’ t like the reductionism of the behaviourists Bartlett was a Brit that fought the good fight Talked about construction

13. Cognitive Revolution Psychology started started to outgrow behaviourism Personality (style) Motivation (dissonance) Linguistics Information theory

14. The revolutionaries become the establishment Atkinson Shiffrin model Brenda Milner and HM So there was a model and there was physiological evidence too, pretty much all sewn up

15. Today By the 1970s memory was studied all over the world Tulving Craik Lockhart Slamecka MacLeod Moscovitz Schacter Jacoby Roediger Squire Loftus