2. 4. surface habitation Milestones for Manned Exploration of Mars 7. Orbit insertion, landing 1. Launch, staging, interplanetary injection 2. Mid-course 6. Mid-course 3. Orbit insertion, landing 5. Launch, interplanetary injection Earth Mars Interplanetary trajectory

3. Predict the neutral density and wind structures for successful aerocapture and landing Empirical models of Mars Atmospheric structure 3. Orbit Insertion and Landing Archival and real-time measurements of density, temperature, winds, surface to 250 km Need Enabling Capabilities & Measurements First principles data- assimilating models for predicting atmospheric structure Basic Understanding Non-LTE radiative transfer Dust evolution and characteristics Wave-wave interactions at all scales Wave- turbulence interactions Surface interactions Parameterizations of turbulence and gravity wave effects in GCMs Wave-mean flow interactions Supporting Missions Neutral instabilities Example