1. Unit 7: The New Nation

2. Unit 4A Table of Contents: The Constitution
Title/Description Page # Notes: “The Articles of Confederation” 1-2 Articles of Confederation Handout 3 Notes: “The U.S. Constitution” 4-6 Constitutional Flipbook 7 “Our Tripartite Government” Handout 8 Notes: “Ratification of the Constitution” 9-10 “Ratification of the U.S. Constitution” Handout 11

3. Bill of Rights Chart 12 Applying the Bill of Rights 13 Notes: “Basic Principles of the Constitution” Principles of Government Worksheet 16 Notes: “SC’s Constitution” “The Road to Statehood” 19 Notes: “Lowcountry vs. Backcountry” Representation Letter 22

4. New Nation Notes
23-24
US Gov’t Finances Graph 25
Comparing and Contrasting Federalists and Democratic-Republicans 26
Foreign Affairs and XYZ Affair Notes
27-28
Alien and Sedition Act Handout 29
XYZ Affair Cartoon 30
War of 1812 Notes
31-32
War of 1812 Handout 33
Study Guide

5. The Articles of Confederation
P: 1-2

6. The Articles of Confederation
First system of government for the United States
The Articles became the ruling document of the US and its intention was to create “a league of friendship and perpetual union.”
Adopted on November 15, 1777
Made up of a preamble and 13 articles

7. Articles of Confederation
After the signing of the Dec Of Ind.
Officially established the first national government for the United States
Effective during the war when all states agreed (beat the King)
Not effective after war….

8. Structure
One branch of government: Congress, which was responsible for making national laws
Each state had 1 vote in Congress
No executive branch (President)
No judicial branch

9. Decision Making
9 of the 13 states had to approve a proposal before it could become a law
All of the states had to agree to change an existing law

10. Money and Finances
The Articles of Confederation could not collect taxes
Had to ask the individual states for money
Allowed to print and borrow money
Each state could regulate trade with other states
Each state could tax its resident

11. Protection
The Articles of Confederation managed agreements with other countries and Native Americans
Could appoint military officers
Only the states could establish militias

12. Problems with the Articles of Confederation
Disagreements over interstate trade, currency and taxes
Government under the articles was too weak

14. S.C’s Charles Pinckney Pushed for a strong central government
Recommended amendments
Attempted to get the other states to pay their obligations to the national government
Meeting in Philadelphia was called to amend the Articles and strengthen the government

15. Classwork/Homework
Complete the Articles of Confederation Handout This goes on p. 3

16. The U.S. Constitution
This goes on p.4-6

17. In 1787, delegates from each state met in Philadelphia to discuss the problems with the Articles of Confederation
After much debate, they decided to just create a brand new constitution

18. Topics/Key Points from the Meeting
Purpose of the Meeting
Thoughts from S.C.
The delegates had to decided whether to edit the Articles of Confederation or write a new constitution
S.C. was in favor of writing a new constitution because they wanted to create a stronger federal gov’t

19. Representation in Legislation
Thoughts from S.C.
The states argued on how representation in the legislature should be distributed
Small states wanted equal representation
Larger states wanted it to be based on population
SC supported the Virginia Plan
The Virginia plan said representation should be based on population
SC had a large population so, they wanted to support this because it would benefit them

20. Issue of the President
Thoughts from S.C.
To keep a strong, executive office, the President will serve a term of 6 or 7 years
S.C. supported this
They also wanted an “aristocratic” republic in which only property owners could hold office

21. Trade Regulations Thoughts from S.C.
A compromise was reached that promised the federal government would not tax exports or attempt to regulate the international slave trade for at least 20 years
They were concerned that the national government might try to regulate trade
They were against this because they exported their cash crops and they feared any control of the international slave trade

22. Thoughts from S.C. S.C. supported this
The Great Compromise
Thoughts from S.C.
Was created to solve the issue of representation
Created a bicameral legislation
S.C. supported this
Senate:
Based on equal representation
House of Representatives: Based on population

23. Three Fifths Compromise
Thoughts from S.C.
The question arose during the Great Compromise if slaves should be counted towards a state’s population
The solution to this question was the Three Fifths Compromise
Each slave would be counted as 3/5 of a person when determining the population
Did not support the three fifths compromise
They wanted their ENTIRE SLAVE POPULATION to count towards representation

25. Establishment of a 3 Branch Gov’t
Thoughts from S.C.
Executive Branch
Legislative Branch
Judicial Branch
Great! They supported it
This created a system of checks and balances which means that no one branch had too much power

26. Classwork and Homework
Classwork Assignment: Complete a flipbook on South Carolina’s perspectives during the Constitutional Convention Homework Assignment: Complete the Tripartite Government Handout

27. Ratification of the Constitution
This goes on p. 9-10

28. S.C. Ratifying Convention
After the Constitution was written, it was sent to each individual state for them to vote on whether to approve the document or not
SC voted to ratify the Constitution
More Federalists in SC than Anti-Federalists at the meeting held to decide whether to approve it or not

29. Federalists Anti-Federalists
Supported the US Constitution
Mostly men from the Lowcountry
Wanted a strong federal gov’t
Felt that a stronger gov’t would help w/ foreign affairs
Against the Constitution because they feared a strong federal gov’t
Didn’t want the elite to have too much power because they feared that they would abuse it
Mostly men from the Backcountry who attended

30. Things You Might Need to Know for the Test
Henry Laurens: President of the Continental Congress
Charles Pinckney: Submitted a plan during the Constitutional Convention. Many of his ideas (43) were used in the US Constitution
Ex: The words Senate, House of Representatives and President……
Big Head! He said that he did a lot, but other people disagree and doubt it!

31. The 4 Representatives from SC who attended the Constitutional Convention were:
John Rutledge,
Pierce Butler,
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
Charles Pinckney

32. Classwork and Homework
Classwork: Glue the Bill of Rights Handout on p. 11. The complete the Bill of Rights Worksheet Homework: Complete the Ratification Handout

33. The basic principles of the constitution
This goes on p

34. Classwork and Homework
Complete the 7 Principles of the Constitution Handout

35. South Carolina’s constitution
This goes on p.17-18

36. What is a Constitution?
Outlines the rules and laws for a particular government
Once the colonies decided to rebel against Great Britain, they needed to create their own individual constitutions to run their new states

37. S.C.’s First Constitution
S.C. created their first constitution before the Declaration of Independence was even signed
Remember….SC was originally a royal colony. This meant the King and one of HIS governor’s ran the colony
When the colonies began having trouble with Great Britain, SC decided to create a “temporary" constitution until the problems could be resolved

38. Committee of 99 15 merchants , 15 artisans, 69 planters
Government in fact not by law
Royal Governor was still in S.C.
Made the Provisional Congress
Most representatives from low country
Set up army
Issued currency
Committee to enforce non importation
Commissioned the writing of the Articles of Confederation

39. Not everyone was a fan…
Backcountry was not happy with this committee and congress
Low country went to seek peace
Treaty of Ninety Six= backcountry agreed to remain neutral in the fight with Great Britain

40. S.C.’s New Government/Constitution
President
- Can veto laws
-Elected by the legislatures
Lower House
-Elected by the people
Upper House
-Elected by the Lower House
Lowcountry had more representation in the government than the Backcountry
After the DofI was written, a few changes were made to the state constitution:
1. President would now be called a governor
2. Representation would be more equally distributed
3. Church of England was no longer the official state church

41. SC Representatives Representin’
SC’s representative played very important roles in the Congress…
Only one of the 13 colonies to fully meet its financial obligation to the continental congress
Henry Laurens (who lived right down the road at Mepkin Plantation, now called Mepkin Abbey) was the President of the 2nd Continental Congress.

42. Classwork/Homework
Complete the handout, “the Road to Statehood”

43. Lowcountry vs. backcountry
This goes on p

44. Why they don’t get along socially….
There was tension between the 2 groups during the American Revolution. Many lowcountry PATRIOTS were fighting against upcountry LOYALISTS
Lowcountry viewed the upcountry as uncivilized because of the type of people living there. The lowcountry also thought they were socially better because of their financial success

45. Why they don’t get along economically…….
Lowcountry makes their money based on the plantation system. Their success is dependent on slaves
The upcountry economy is based primarily on subsistence farming. Most farmers in the upcountry don’t rely on slave labor
Because the upcountry doesn’t use slave labor, it worried the lowcountry that they wouldn’t support slavery in the gov’t
Lowcountry had the advantage of growing rice as a cash crop

46. Why they don’t get along politically….
Key word here is REPRESENTATION
The more representation you had in SC gov’t, the more say your area had
The people of the lowcountry had little respect for the upcountry. They made more money so, they felt the power in gov’t should reside with them
Small white population + tons of money= Control of SC gov’t

47. The upcountry disagreed with the lowcountry’s idea of representation in gov’t
They also didn’t like traveling to Charleston for legal business

48. How they ended up uniting…..
Let’s move the state capital: In order to ease political tension between the 2 groups, the state capital was moved to Columbia. It was located in the middle of the state and easily accessible for both groups
2. Let’s create counties and county courts

49. 3. Finally, lets invent the cotton gin:
Cotton gin + slave labor + Can grow cotton anywhere= Major cash crop for the Lowcountry AND the Upcountry
Now the upcountry can compete financially with the lowcountry (more representation in gov’t)
Lowcountry doesn’t have to worry about the upcountry getting rid of slave labor
Everyone is happy

50. Classwork Assignment: This goes on p. 22
Write a letter to your state representatives petitioning for more representation for either the Upcountry or the Lowcountry. In the letter, you will argue reasons why your area (Lowcountry or Upcountry) should receive additional representation. You should also include counterarguments as to why the opposing region does not deserve more representation.

51. A “New” Nation Begins
This goes on p

52. Georgie Porgie
Once the Constitution was ratified, George Washington was elected as the first President of the United States.

53. Ol’ Ham Bone
Alexander Hamilton was appointed as Secretary of the Treasury

54. Ol’ Hammy has a plan
Hamilton wanted an economic policy to strengthen the national government.
His plan had 4 main parts:

55. 1) Federal Govt. would pay the nations war debt
Hamilton wanted the US Govt. to pay the US debt left over from the Am. Rev.
The US had borrowed a LOT of $$ during the Am. Rev.
Hamilton believed the nation should pay all the $$ back and pay it back fast.

56. The $$ the US owed US needs $$ for Am. Rev.
US sells bonds (says they will be paid back with interest)
People start thinking US is not going to pay the bonds back
People start selling bonds to speculators for less than their value
Result = US start getting “bad credit”

57. 2) The US should pay back the States war debt
The States had spent a lot of $$ on the war.
Some states (like SC) where lots of fighting took place had spent more than others.
Hamilton wanted the US Govt. to pay the State’s war debts. $

58. 3) A National Bank
Hamilton wanted a National Bank that could issue bank notes ($$) and collect taxes.

59. 4) A high protective tariff
Hamilton wanted a high tariff (tax) on foreign imports.
Felt this would encourage Americans to produce the things they needed instead of importing them from foreign countries.

60. Lets get this “Party” started!
2 groups (parties) developed in response to Hamilton's 4 point plan.
The FEDERALIST led by Hamilton – these guys like Hamilton's plan
The Democratic-Republicans (Republicans for short) led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison – these guys do not like Hamilton’s plan.

61. The Federalists led by Hamilton
In this corner….
The Federalists led by Hamilton

62. Verses…
The Democratic-Republicans (Republicans) led by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson

63. The Parties Continued…
Most Federalists were from New England however, the Lowcountry Elite in SC tended to support the Federalists also
The Upcountry of SC supported the Democratic- Republicans

64. Most South Carolinians like the idea of the US “assuming” the states’ war debt…remember, SC has a bunch of debt
Most Democratic-Republicans opposed assumption
They worked out a deal….The Democratic- Republicans agreed for the nation to “assume” state debts and the Federalists agreed to move the US capital to banks of Potomac River (Washington D.C.)

65. The National Bank Controversy
The biggest controversy between parties = National Bank
Democratic-Republicans said the Constitution should be interpreted strictly (exactly what is written in the Constitution)
Federalists said that Congress had been granted the authority to make all laws that were necessary and proper
They felt a National Bank was necessary for the power to tax and to control commerce (trade)

66. Washington sided with the Federalists and signed into law a bill creating the First National Bank
Democratic-Republicans opposed this
They also opposed the protective tariff…..they wanted a republic of farmers and shopkeepers (not manufacturers)

67. The U.S. Government’s Finances, 1789-1791…This goes on p. 25
Total Money Owed
($81, 497, 000)
Federal and State Debts
$77,228,000
Total Revenue
($4,418,000)

68. Foreign Affairs and the XYZ Affair
This goes on p

69. Foreign Policy
French Revolution-1789

70. Democratic-Republicans supported French people in overthrow of their king
Federalists did not support the French Revolution
When France declared war on Great Britain, the Federalists sided with the mother country hoping to secure more trade

71. Keep Me Out of This…… Washington issued a “proclamation of neutrality”
The US tried to stay out of the Napoleonic Wars
The new president, John Adams, sent 3 US representatives to negotiate peace with France
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney was one of the representatives

73. Those Sneaky French…
US Reps met with 3 “secret” French reps, who called themselves, X, Y and Z
X, Y and Z asked the Americans for a bribe
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney was super angry
He replied, “No, no, no, not a sixpence”
This became known as the XYZ Affair

75. The XYZ Affair brought the political parties into even more conflict
The Federalists prepared for war while the Democratic- Republicans vilified President John Adams in their newspapers
Angry at this insult, Federalists passed the Alien and Sedition Acts designed to limit the growth of the Democratic-Republicans and to silence their newspapers

76. Alien and Sedition Act
The act limits what you can say about the government and allows the President the right to expel foreign citizens who were believed to be involved in any plots against the government
Several newspaper publishers were jailed including Thomas Cooper (libraries and Clemson and USC were named for him)
Democratic-Republicans called the Alien and Sedition Act an attack on freedom of the press

77. Jefferson and Madison wrote the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions saying that states had the right to nullify an act of Congress if it was found unconstitutional
Ex: Alien and Sedition Act
These resolutions became a foundation of the states’ rights doctrine (later promoted by John C. Calhoun and put into practice in the first nullification controversy and later in secession)

78. War of 1812
This goes on p

79. Here we go again!
The War of 1812 was between the US and Great Britain.
In a lot of ways, G.B. was acting like the Am. Rev. had never even happened!!! Even though the British had lost the Am. Rev….. They STILL treated the US like THEY were in charge and could still “boss us around”.

80. Nationalism
The sense of pride in one’s country, its people, its institutions and government
Patriotic glue that holds people in a nation together
Nationalism was born in resistance to Great Britain during the American Revolution
Continued to bring Americans closer together by violations of the rights of American ships by both Great Britain and France

81. Pros of Nationalism: inspires unity and helps a diverse group of people accomplish great things
Cons of Nationalism: insists on fighting every nation in which there is a quarrel

82. American Revolution Part 2?
The British began stopping American ships, seizing cargo and forcing American soldiers into the British navy….that is called impressment.
In 1812, Congress declared war on Great Britain….known as the War of 1812

83. War Hawks John C. Calhoun-Congressman from South Carolina
Supported the War of 1812…..basically he wants the US to fight Great Britain again.

84. A Near Disaster
The British captured Washington, DC in 1814 and burned the White House and other public buildings

85. Nationalism Increases
Battle of New Orleans: General Andrew Jackson (future President) and a ragtag American force aided by a few pirates defeated a large, well-trained British army
Nationalism increased after this battle
Many felt that they won the second battle for American independence

86. The war was basically a draw
A treaty was signed but nothing was really accomplished for either side