1. Chapter 4 Table of Contents Section 1 The History of Cell Biology
Cell Structure and Function
Table of Contents
Section 1 The History of Cell Biology
Section 2 Introduction to Cells
Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Section 4 Unique Features of Plant Cells

2. Section 1 The History of Cell Biology
Chapter 4
Objectives
Name the scientists who first observed living and nonliving cells.
Summarize the research that led to the development of the cell theory.
State the three principles of the cell theory.
Explain why the cell is considered to be the basic unit of life.

3. Introduction to the Cell
Definition – A cell is the smallest unit of structure and function of living things that carries on life processes.

4. A. Discovery of the Cell Robert Hooke ( 1665) – 1st to see cells;
looked at cork (dead plant cell);
box-shaped structures looked like monk’s rooms called ‘cells’.

5. A. Discovery of the Cell
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1673) – 1st to see living cells.
Scraped mouth: bacteria, yeast.
Water: Protozoans, “Animalcules”.

6. A. Discovery of the Cell Matthias Schleiden (1838) – Botanist,
concluded all plants are made of cells.

7. A. Discovery of the Cell Theodor Schwann (1839) – Zoologist,
concluded all animals are made of cells

8. A. Discovery of the Cell Rudolf Virchow (1855) – Physician,
concluded cells come only from other living cells.

9. Section 1 The History of Cell Biology
Chapter 4
Cell Theory

10. A. Discovery of the Cell
This information gave evidence for the Cell Theory:
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in all living things.
All living things are made of cells.
Cells come only from the reproduction of other living cells.

11. The Cell Theory, continued
Section 1 The History of Cell Biology
Chapter 4
The Cell Theory, continued
Think & Discuss:
Cellular Basis of Life
All living things are made of organized parts, obtain energy from their surroundings, perform chemical reactions, change with time, respond to their environment, and reproduce.

12. Section 2 Introduction to Cells
Chapter 4
Objectives
Explain the relationship between cell shape and cell function.
Identify the factor that limits cell size.
Describe the three basic parts of a cell.
Compare prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.
Analyze the relationship among cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms.

13. B. Cell Diversity Cell Size
Most cells are only visible with microscope.
Cell size varies from 2 m to .2m (.2 x 10-6)
Examples:
Bacteria m ( in. or 8 millioneth in.)
Giraffe leg nerve – 2 m (6 ½ ft.)
Eggs
Most body and plant cells – 10 to 50 m (.002 in.)

14. Think & Discuss: Chapter 4 Cell Size
Section 2 Introduction to Cells
Chapter 4
Think & Discuss:
Cell Size
Cell size is limited by a cell’s surface area–to-volume ratio.

15. B. Cell Diversity
Why are Cells so Small?
Diffusion is too slow to move nutrients & wastes through cell.
As cell size increases, volume increases at faster rate than surface area. Surface area becomes too small to allow materials to enter cell quickly enough to meet its needs.

16. B. Cell Diversity Cell Shape
The shape of a cell helps it to perform its function.
Examples:
a. RBCs – concave, flexible – squeeze thru vessels
b. WBCs – change shape – engulf particles
c. Nerves – long, threadlike, branched – receive & send messages
d. Epithelial tissue – flat, packed – protection
e. Muscles – long, rod-like, contract – pull parts together

17. Chapter 4 Cell Diversity Cell Shape
Section 2 Introduction to Cells
Chapter 4
Cell Diversity
Cell Shape
A cell’s shape reflects its function.

18. Cellular Organization
Section 2 Introduction to Cells
Chapter 4
Cellular Organization
Think & Discuss:
In multicellular eukaryotes, cells organize into tissues, organs, organ systems, and finally organisms.

19. How are organelles like organs?
Organelles perform specific functions to keep a cell healthy and alive.
Organs perform specific functions to keep an organism healthy and alive.

20. Think & Discuss: Chapter 4 Two Basic Types of Cells Prokaryotes
Section 2 Introduction to Cells
Chapter 4
Two Basic Types of Cells
Think & Discuss:
Prokaryotes
Prokaryote cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

21. B. Cell Diversity
Eukaryotes – cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Prokaryotes – cells that lack a nucleus and have no membrane-bound organelles. (bacteria)

22. Comparing Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Section 2 Introduction to Cells
Chapter 4
Comparing Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

23. Think & Discuss: Chapter 4 Basic Parts of a Cell
Section 2 Introduction to Cells
Chapter 4
Basic Parts of a Cell
Think & Discuss:
The three basic parts of a cell are the plasma membrane, the cytoplasm, and the nucleus.

24. B. Cell Diversity Internal Organization
a. Organelles – cell components that perform specific functions to maintain the life of the cell.
b. Cell Membrane – Thin membrane surrounding cell.
c. Nucleus – large organelle near center of cell; contains genetic information; directs cell activities.

25. Chapter 4 Objectives Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Describe the structure and function of a cell’s plasma membrane.
Summarize the role of the nucleus.
List the major organelles found in the cytosol, and describe their roles.
Identify the characteristics of mitochondria.
Describe the structure and function of the cytoskeleton.

26. Internal Organization of a Cell
Section 2 Introduction to Cells
Chapter 4
Internal Organization of a Cell

27. Basic Parts of a Cell, continued
Section 2 Introduction to Cells
Chapter 4
Basic Parts of a Cell, continued
Cytoplasm - (Cytosol)
a. Located between cell membrane & nucleus
b. Contains gel-like fluid called Cytosol and organelles.
c. Helps give shape to cell.

28. B. Organelles:
a. Organelles – cell components that perform specific functions to maintain the life of the cell.

29. Endoplasmic Reticulum (“E.R.”)
Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Chapter 4
Endoplasmic Reticulum (“E.R.”)
a. Intracellular “Highway”
b. Membranous tubes used to transport molecules
c. Rough ER – has ribosomes; transports proteins
d. Smooth ER – no ribosomes; makes lipids

30. Endoplasmic Reticulum, continued
Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Chapter 4
Endoplasmic Reticulum, continued
The smooth ER builds lipids and participates in detoxification of toxins.

31. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and Ribosomes
Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Chapter 4
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and Ribosomes

32. Chapter 4 Ribosomes Ribosomes a. site of protein synthesis
Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Chapter 4
Ribosomes
Ribosomes
a. site of protein synthesis
b. Located on rough E.R. and scattered throughout cytoplasm

33. Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Chapter 4
Ribosomes

34. Golgi Apparatus (“Packing & Shipping”)
Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Chapter 4
Golgi Apparatus (“Packing & Shipping”)
a. Stack of flat membranous sacs.
b. Packages proteins from the ER
c. Secretes (‘ships’) them to other parts

35. Chapter 4 Mitochondria Mitochondria (“Powerhouse”)
Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Chapter 4
Mitochondria
Mitochondria (“Powerhouse”)
a. site of cellular respiration- make ATP energy from glucose
b. inner membrane has many folds (Cristae) to increase surface area
c. large numbers found in muscle cells

36. Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Chapter 4
Mitochondria
Mitochondria harvest energy from organic compounds and transfer it to ATP.

37. Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Chapter 4
Mitochondrion

38. Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Chapter 4
Vesicles
(Vesicles, including lysosomes (digestive enzymes) and peroxisomes (detoxification enzymes), are classified by their contents.)
Lysosomes (“Cleaning Crew”)
a. Sac of digestive enzymes
b. Break down nutrients, invaders, debris

39. Processing of Proteins
Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Chapter 4
Processing of Proteins

40. Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Chapter 4
Cytoskeleton
(The cytoskeleton is made of protein fibers that help cells move and maintain their shape.)
Cytoskeleton
a. Microfilaments – fine protein threads
Ex: Actin – cause muscles to contract
b. Microtubules – hollow protein tubes
Ex: Spindle Fibers – move chromosomes

41. Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Chapter 4
Cytoskeleton

42. Think & Discuss: Chapter 4 Cytoskeleton, continued Cilia and Flagella
Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Chapter 4
Cytoskeleton, continued
Think & Discuss:
Cilia and Flagella
(Cilia and flagella are hairlike structures that extend from the surface of the cell, where they assist in movement.)

43. Cytoskeleton, continued
Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Chapter 4
Cytoskeleton, continued
Cilia
a. Tiny hair-like projections on cell membrane packed in rows
b. Wave, move mucus, catch debris
Flagella
a. Long, whip-like, on cell surface
b. Allow sperm cells to swim

44. Structure of Cilia and Flagella
Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Chapter 4
Structure of Cilia and Flagella

45. Cytoskeleton, continued
Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Chapter 4
Cytoskeleton, continued
Centrioles
A. two short cylinders of microtubules at right angles to each other
B. involved in cell division.

46. Chapter 4 Nucleus Nucleus
Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Chapter 4
Nucleus
Nucleus
a. Contains DNA (genetic info) – directs cell’s activities
b. Located near center of cell
c. Nuclear Envelope – porous, double membrane
d. Nucleolus – produces ribosomes
e. Chromatin – “thread-like” DNA

47. Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Chapter 4
Nucleus of a Cell

48. Parts of the Eukaryotic Cell A. Cell Membrane Next, we’ll discuss:
Section 2 Introduction to Cells
Chapter 4
Parts of the Eukaryotic Cell A. Cell Membrane
Next, we’ll discuss:
Plasma Membrane
(The cell’s outer boundary, called the plasma membrane (or the cell membrane), covers a cell’s surface and acts as a barrier between the inside and the outside of a cell. )

49. Think & Discuss: Chapter 4 Plasma Membrane, continued
Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Chapter 4
Plasma Membrane, continued
Think & Discuss:
Membrane Proteins
Cell membranes often contain proteins embedded within the phospholipid bilayer.

50. Parts of the Eukaryotic Cell A. Cell Membrane
Section 2 Introduction to Cells
Chapter 4
Parts of the Eukaryotic Cell A. Cell Membrane
Selectively Permeable – controls which substances pass into and out of cell.

51. Parts of the Eukaryotic Cell A. Cell Membrane
Section 2 Introduction to Cells
Chapter 4
Parts of the Eukaryotic Cell A. Cell Membrane
1. Membrane Lipids – lipids (fats) allow fat-soluble substances to pass through
2. Phospholipids form a lipid bilayer.

52. Structure of Lipid Bilayer
Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Chapter 3
Structure of Lipid Bilayer

53. Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Chapter 4
Cell Membrane

54. Parts of the Eukaryotic Cell A. Cell Membrane
Section 2 Introduction to Cells
Chapter 4
Parts of the Eukaryotic Cell A. Cell Membrane
Membrane Proteins – allow fat-nonsolubles to pass through
Fluid Mosaic Model – lipid bilayer behaves more like a fluid than a solid. Lipids and proteins can move (fluid) within bilayer, so their pattern (mosaic) changes.

55. Chapter 4 Basic Parts of a Cell Do You Remember?
Section 2 Introduction to Cells
Chapter 4
Basic Parts of a Cell
Do You Remember?
The three basic parts of a cell are:
The plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus.

56. The Two Basic Types of Cells?
Section 2 Introduction to Cells
Chapter 4
Do you Remember:
The Two Basic Types of Cells?
Prokaryotes
Prokaryote cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. (Bacteria)

57. Eukaryotes – cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryotes – cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. (Animals, Plants, Fungus, Protist)

60. Chapter 4 Objectives Section 4 Unique Features of Plant Cells
List three structures that are present in plant cells but not in animal cells.
Compare the plasma membrane,the primary cell wall, and the secondary cell wall.
Explain the role of the central vacuole.
Describe the roles of plastids in the life of a plant.
Identify features that distinguish prokaryotes, eukaryotes, plant cells, and animal cells.

61. Section 4 Unique Features of Plant Cells
Chapter 4
Plant Cells
Plant cells have cell walls, central vacuoles, and plastids.

62. Section 4 Unique Features of Plant Cells
Chapter 4
A. Cell Wall
A solid, rigid, outer covering; provides support and protection.

63. Chapter 4 Parts of a Cell Wall
Section 4 Unique Features of Plant Cells
Chapter 4
Parts of a Cell Wall

64. Chapter 4 B. Central Vacuole
Section 4 Unique Features of Plant Cells
Chapter 4
B. Central Vacuole
Storage areas- store water, enzymes, and waste products and provide support for plant tissue.
Large – up to 90% of cell’s volume

65. Chapter 4 C. Plastids 1. Store starch, fats, or pigments
Section 4 Unique Features of Plant Cells
Chapter 4
C. Plastids
1. Store starch, fats, or pigments
2. Chloroplast – contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis
3. Leucoplast – stores starch
Chromoplast – makes & stores pigments:
Carotene – orange;
Xanthrophyll – yellow

66. Section 4 Unique Features of Plant Cells
Chapter 4
Chloroplasts

67. Chapter 4 Comparing Cells
Section 4 Unique Features of Plant Cells
Chapter 4
Comparing Cells
Prokaryotes, animal cells, and plant cells can be distinguished from each other by their unique features.

68. Comparing Plant and Animal Cells
Section 4 Unique Features of Plant Cells
Chapter 4
Comparing Plant and Animal Cells

69. Chapter 4 Multiple Choice
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
1. The eukaryotic nucleus houses all of the following except the
A. RNA
B. DNA
C. nucleolus
D. endoplasmic reticulum

70. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
1. The eukaryotic nucleus houses all of the following except the
A. RNA
B. DNA
C. nucleolus
D. endoplasmic reticulum

71. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Which structure contributes to support and movement within a cell?
F. crista
G. cell wall
H. ribosome
J. microfilament

72. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Which structure contributes to support and movement within a cell?
F. crista
G. cell wall
H. ribosome
J. microfilament

73. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. Which of the following statements about RNA is true?
A. RNA is found only in proteins.
B. RNA is found only in the nucleus.
C. RNA is found only in the cytoplasm.
D. RNA is found in the nucleus and cytoplasm.

74. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. Which of the following statements about RNA is true?
A. RNA is found only in proteins.
B. RNA is found only in the nucleus.
C. RNA is found only in the cytoplasm.
D. RNA is found in the nucleus and cytoplasm.

75. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The graph below shows
the relationship between cell size and surface area–to–volume ratio. Use the graph below to answer
the questions that follow.
4. By what percentage does the surface area–to – volume ratio change when a cell grows from 1 to 2 µm in diameter?
F. 10 percent
G. 20 percent
H. 50 percent
J. 90 percent

76. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The graph below shows
the relationship between cell size and surface area–to–volume ratio. Use the graph below to answer
the questions that follow.
4. By what percentage does the surface area–to – volume ratio change when a cell grows from 1 to 2 µm in diameter?
F. 10 percent
G. 20 percent
H. 50 percent
J. 90 percent

77. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The graph below shows
the relationship between cell size and surface area–to–volume ratio. Use the graph below to answer
the questions that follow.
5. What is the maximum diameter that this cell could attain before the surface area–to-volume ratio would fall below 1?
A. 2 µm
B. 5 µm
C. 10 µm
D. 15 µm

78. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The graph below shows
the relationship between cell size and surface area–to–volume ratio. Use the graph below to answer
the questions that follow.
5. What is the maximum diameter that this cell could attain before the surface area–to-volume ratio would fall below 1?
A. 2 µm
B. 5 µm
C. 10 µm
D. 15 µm

79. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
6. mitochondria : energy release :: ribosome :
F. cell support
G. protein synthesis
H. cellular digestion
J. cellular transport

80. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
6. mitochondria : energy release :: ribosome :
F. cell support
G. protein synthesis
H. cellular digestion
J. cellular transport

81. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The figure below shows
a diagram of a cell. Use the figure to answer the
question that follows.
7. What is the function of the structure labeled 1?
A. to make ATP
B. to make proteins
C. to make carbohydrates
D. to move proteins through the cell

82. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The figure below shows
a diagram of a cell. Use the figure to answer the
question that follows.
7. What is the function of the structure labeled 1?
A. to make ATP
B. to make proteins
C. to make carbohydrates
D. to move proteins through the cell

83. Chapter 4 Short Response
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response
A cell’s shape is generally related to its function.
Skin cells are flat and platelike. Nerve cells have long extensions. Explain the relationship between the shape of skin and nerve cells and their function in the body.

84. Short Response, continued
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response, continued
Answer:
Cell shape reflects the different functions of cells. For example, the long extensions of nerve cells allow these cells to receive and transmit nerve impulses in many directions. Also, the flat shape of skin cells suits their function of covering and protecting the surface of the body.

85. Chapter 4 Extended Response
Standardized Test Prep
Extended Response
Despite the diversity among cells, eukaryotic cells share many common features.
Part A Describe the structure and function of the organelles found in an animal cell.
Part B Summarize the differences that distinguish animal cells from bacteria and plant cells.

86. Extended Response, continued
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Extended Response, continued
Answer:
Part A Answers may include the following: The nucleus holds and protects DNA; Mitochondria transfer energy to ATP; Ribosomes manufacture proteins; The ER functions as an intracellular highway; The Golgi apparatus directs proteins to other parts of the cell; Vesicles digest materials, break down old cells, and play a role in protein synthesis.
Part B Plant and bacterial cells, unlike animal cells, have a cell wall. Bacterial cells, unlike plant and animal cells, lack a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles. Some bacterial cells and all plant cells have plastids.