1. 1 Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Joseph E. Muscolino, DC Instructor, Purchase College State University of New York Owner, The Art and Science of Kinesiology Stamford, Connecticut KINESIOLOGY: The Skeletal System and Muscle Function Second Edition

2. 2 Chapter 6: Classification of Joints Joseph E. Muscolino, DC Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

3. 3 Lesson 6.1 Objectives Define the key terms of this chapter and state the meanings of the word origins of this chapter. Describe the anatomy of a joint, and list the three major structural types of joints. Describe the physiology of a joint; and with regard to joint physiology, explain the function of joints, muscles, and ligaments/joint capsules. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

4. 4 Lesson 6.1 Objectives (cont’d.) Explain the distinction between the definitions of a structural joint and a functional joint. Describe the relationship between joint mobility and joint stability; and list the three major determinants of the mobility/stability of a joint. Explain the importance of weight bearing and shock absorption to joints. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

5. 5 Section 6.1—Anatomy of a Joint Joint: juncture between two or more bones. Structural classifications of a joint: –Fibrous –Cartilaginous –Synovial Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 6-1

6. 6 Section 6.2—Physiology of a Joint Main function: allow movement Joint: passive structure Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 6-2

7. 7 Every joint balances stability and mobility. More mobile = less stable More stable = less mobile Most stable position: closed-packed Least stable position: open-packed Section 6.3—Joint Mobility versus Joint Stability Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

8. 8 Section 6.3—Joint Mobility versus Joint Stability (cont’d.) Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 6-3

9. 9 All joints absorb shock (especially in the spine and lower extremities). Equivalent force in walking, jumping Think of a car’s shock absorbers Section 6.4—Joints and Shock Absorption Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

10. 10 Section 6.4—Joints and Shock Absorption (cont’d.) Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 6-4

11. 11 Section 6.5—Weight-Bearing Joints Many joints bear the body’s weight. Weight-bearing joints: more stable, less mobile Includes all joints of lower extremities and spine Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

12. 12 Section 6.5—Weight-Bearing Joints (cont’d.) Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 6-5

13. 13 Lesson 6.2 Objectives List and describe the three major structural and functional categories of joints, and explain the relationship between them. List and describe, and give an example of the three categories of fibrous joints. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

14. 14 Lesson 6.2 Objectives (cont’d.) List, describe, and give examples of each of the two categories of cartilaginous joints. List the structural components of and be able to draw a typical synovial joint, and list and describe the four categories of synovial joints. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

15. 15 Section 6.6—Joint Classification Joints May Be Classified... Structurally (by type of soft tissue) Functionally Structural Classification of Joints: Fibrous joint Cartilaginous joint Synovial joint Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

16. 16 Joints without a Joint Cavity: Fibrous Cartilaginous Joints with a Joint Cavity: Synovial Section 6.6—Joint Classification (cont’d.) Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

17. 17 Functional Classification of Joints: Synarthrotic joint Amphiarthrotic joint Diarthrotic joint Section 6.6—Joint Classification (cont’d.) Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

18. 18 Section 6.7—Fibrous Joints Fibrous Joints: Dense fibrous connective tissue Little or no movement Three types: –Syndesmosis joints –Suture joints –Gomphosis joints Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

19. 19 Section 6.7—Fibrous Joints (cont’d.) Syndesmosis Joint: Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 6-6

20. 20 Section 6.7—Fibrous Joints (cont’d.) Suture Joint: Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 6-7

21. 21 Section 6.7—Fibrous Joints (cont’d.) Gomphosis Joint: Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 6-8

22. 22 Allow a moderate but limited amount of movement Two Types: Symphysis joints Synchondrosis joints Section 6.8—Cartilaginous Joints Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

23. 23 Section 6.8—Cartilaginous Joints (cont’d.) Symphysis Joints: Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 6-9

24. 24 Section 6.8—Cartilaginous Joints (cont’d.) Synchondrosis Joints: Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 6-10

25. 25Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Section 6.9—Synovial Joints Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. The most structurally complicated joints Components: Fibrous joint capsule Synovial membrane Synovial cavity Synovial fluid Articular cartilage Ligaments Muscles

26. 26 Section 6.9—Synovial Joints (cont’d.) Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 6-11

27. 27 Section 6.9—Synovial Joints (cont’d.) Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 6-11

28. 28 Four Categories: Uniaxial joint Biaxial joint Triaxial joint Nonaxial joint Section 6.9—Synovial Joints (cont’d.) Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

29. 29 Lesson 6.3 Objectives Describe and give examples of the two types of uniaxial synovial joints. Describe and give examples of the two types of biaxial synovial joints. Describe and give examples of triaxial synovial joints. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

30. 30 Lesson 6.3 Objectives (cont’d.) Describe and give examples of nonaxial synovial joints. Explain the purpose of menisci and articular discs and give an example of each one. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

31. 31 Section 6.10—Uniaxial Synovial Joints Two Types of Motion around One Axis: Hinge joints Pivot joints Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 6-12

32. 32 Section 6.10—Uniaxial Synovial Joints (cont’d.) Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 6-13

33. 33 Section 6.11—Biaxial Synovial Joints Two Types of Motion around Two Axes: Condyloid joints Saddle joints Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

34. 34 Section 6.11—Biaxial Synovial Joints (cont’d.) Condyloid Joints: Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 6-14

35. 35 Section 6.11—Biaxial Synovial Joints (cont’d.) Saddle Joints: Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 6-15 ( A, B, modeled from Neumann DA: Kinesiology of the musculoskeletal system: foundations for physical rehabilitation, St Louis, 2002, Mosby.)

36. 36 Section 6.12—Triaxial Synovial Joints Ball-and-Socket Joints: Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 6-16

37. 37 Section 6.12—Triaxial Synovial Joints (cont’d.) Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 6-17

38. 38 Section 6.12—Triaxial Synovial Joints (cont’d.) Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 6-17

39. 39 Section 6.13—Nonaxial Synovial Joints Allow motion within a plane, not around an axis Also known as a gliding joint, an irregular joint, or a plane joint Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

40. 40 Section 6.13—Nonaxial Synovial Joints (cont’d.) Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 6-18Figure 6-19

41. 41 Section 6.14—Menisci and Articular Discs Ring shaped = articular disc Crescent shaped = meniscus Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 6-20

42. 42 Section 6.14—Menisci and Articular Discs (cont’d.) Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 6-21