1. IR: The New World of International Relations Chapter 13 In Pursuit of National Security Copyright @ 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. (Tom Stoddart/Getty Images)

2. Security: Concepts Live and Let Live – Be nice to your neighbors Bystanding – Try to stay neutral among aggressive neighbors Bandwagoning – Follow the lead of a stronger nation Copyright @ 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

3. Security: Concepts Buckpassing – Pass responsibility to a stronger power, as Europe does to the US Balance of power – create protective alliances, e.g., NATO Hegemony – a strong country arranges things to its desires; allows weaker nations to bystand or buckpass Copyright @ 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

4. Technology and Security A nation’s security depends on its military technology Changes in technology alter security relationships Nuclear weapons and electronic/computer technology has led to revolution in military affairs (RMA) Asymmetry of strength has led terrorist, non-state actors to pursue various high-tech alternatives Copyright @ 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

5. Four Basic Strategies for Security Defense – Blocking an enemy’s attack Deterrence – Dissuading an attack by showing its high cost Détente Diplomacy – Attempts to relax tensions between hostile countries Disarmament – Elimination of existing weapons Copyright @ 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

6. Defense Defense makes an opponent’s offense ineffective: shows an attacker it cannot win Two problems with defense  Does it have enough?  Is it the right kind? Does current war favor offense or defense? Depends heavily on technology of the time:  Machine gun gave defense edge in World War I  US technological superiority decisive now; may be vulnerable to advances in electronic countermeasures and anti-missile defenses Copyright @ 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

7. Deterrence Assumes rationality and cost-benefit calculations: an enemy will not attack if costs outweigh benefits For deterrence to work:  Enemy has to know your strength in advance  Deterrent capability has to be credible Risk of having good deterrence is that it may cause deterring country to preemptively attack the threat Nuclear weapons allow relatively weak nations to hold a much stronger nation at bay Copyright @ 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

8. Détente Diplomacy Easing of tensions between hostile states so that war does not break out For détente to work:  Parties in a dispute must have more in common than in conflict  Parties have to abide by terms of their agreements Danger of nuclear conflict has spurred resort to détente diplomacy Growing world trade induces nations to participate in diplomacy and hence a reduction of tensions Copyright @ 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

9. Disarmament Disarmament proponents assume “arms cause wars” Arms in hands of one nation will stimulate arms race Treaties have been fairly successful in leading disarmament attempts; yet Nonproliferation Treaty has failed to prevent some nations from seeking them General and complete disarmament a utopian goal so long as security threats exist in world Copyright @ 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

10. A Combination States use defense, deterrence, détente diplomacy, and disarmament, often in combination Defense, deterrence, and détente can be combined  Defense and deterrence make the costs of aggression too high, and détente makes the benefits of cooperation enticing Disarmament, however, conflicts with deterrence and defense Copyright @ 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.