1. SHRP 2 Safety Databases: Continuous Observations of Seat Belt Use Jim Hedlund APHA Annual Meeting November 18, 2014 Accelerating solutions for highway safety, renewal, reliability, and capacity

2. Presenter Disclosures The following personal financial relationships with commercial interests relevant to this presentation existed during the past 12 months: James Hedlund, PhD “No relationships to disclose”

3. 3 This Talk: Who, What, Why Who am I? Jim Hedlund jhedlund@nas.edu jhedlund@sprynet.com Highway safety – behavior (belts, booze, speed, distraction …) NAS TRB part-time staff on SHRP 2 What is this talk about? Groundbreaking new data to study driver behavior … and other things Two examples – belt use and distraction Why? Highway safety an important public health issue Resource you should know about

4. VTTI Driving Transportation with Technology NDS Study Design  Continuous observation of all trips by volunteer drivers 3,147 drivers, all age/gender groups. 3 years of data collection Most participants 1 to 2 years Vehicle Types: All light vehicles Passenger Cars Minivans SUVs Pickup Trucks Six data collection sites  Integrated with detailed roadway information 150 vehicles 300 vehicles 450 vehicles 4

5. VTTI Driving Transportation with Technology NDS Data Overview  Driver demographics, assessments  Vehicle descriptors TRIP DATA  Videos – front, back, face, hands  Machine Vision Eyes Forward Monitor Lane Tracker  Accelerometer Data (3 axis)  Rate Sensors (3 axis)  GPS Latitude, Longitude, Elevation, Time, Velocity  Forward Radar X and Y positions X and Y Velocities  Cell Phone Records Beginning and end of all cell phone conversations on major carriers  Passive Alcohol Sensor  Illuminance sensor  Infrared illumination  Incident push button Audio (only on incident push button)  Turn signals  Vehicle network data Accelerator Brake pedal activation ABS Gear position Steering wheel angle Speed Horn Seat Belt Information Airbag deployment Many more variables… 5

6. 6 Roadway (RID) Data Overview New data: collected at highway speed by instrumented van –curvature; grade; lanes; shoulders; signs; medians; barriers; rumble strips; lighting; intersections Existing data from ESRI and state inventories in 6 study states: data vary by state Supplemental data from 6 states: traffic, weather; work zones; crashes; roadway improvements; laws

7. 7 Status and Schedule Data collection completed –3,147 participants –3,958 vehicle-years –5 M trip files –49.7 M miles of driving –1,115 known crashes (a few more in database not yet identified) –12,538 centerline miles of roadway data collected by van –200,000 centerline miles of state roadway inventory data collected Everything complete by December 2014

8. Easy Ways to Access the Data Website – https://insight.shrp2nds.us/ –Data de-identified; no PII; easy access –Documentation for full study –Descriptive data on drivers, vehicles, trips –Categorical data on all trips, crashes, near-crashes, baselines –Can select, filter, run cross-tabs Crashes, near-crashes, baseline files –20-second segments with front video –Available on website 8

10. 10 Website Data Example: Seat Belt Use NHTSA driver belt use 2012: 86% –National survey –Observations, daylight hours, typically at intersections NDS data –Driver belt use recorded continually –Day and night, rural and urban, … –Recent model year vehicles only –Volunteer drivers – may be “safer” than average drivers

11. Belt Use by Trip: while moving at least 3 mph 760,189 trips by 799 drivers 11 Percent of tripTripsPercent 0 – 19 %47,6516.3% 20 – 39 %1,8620.2% 40 – 59 %3,2220.4% 60 – 79 %8,1981.1% 80 – 99 %79,57910.5% 100 %619,67781.5% Total760,189100.0%

12. Belt Use by Driver: while moving at least 3 mph 760,189 trips by 799 drivers 12 Percent of tripDrivers >= 1 tripPercent 0 – 19 %751 94.0% 20 – 39 %385 48.2% 40 – 59 %438 54.8% 60 – 79 %547 68.5% 80 – 99 %739 92.5% 100 %794 99.4% Total3,654 457.3%

13. Belt Use by Driver: while moving at least 3 mph 733 of the 799 drivers answered this question 13 Self-reported belt useDriversPercent Always658 89.9% Usually54 7.4% Sometimes17 2.3% Rarely3 0.4% Total732 100.0%

14. Belt Use by Drivers Who “Always” Wear Belts 658 drivers who say they “always” wear their belt 14 Percent of tripDrivers >= 1 tripPercent 0 – 19 %62094.2% 20 – 39 %30846.8% 40 – 59 %35954.6% 60 – 79 %45268.7% 80 – 99 %61893.9% 100 %65799.8%

15. Trips with No Belt Use 40,018 trips with no belt use and trip length recorded 15 Trip lengthTripsPercent 0 - 4 miles 37,286 93.2% 5 - 9 miles 1,958 4.9% 10 - 19 miles6421.6% 20 - 39 miles870.2% 40 miles or more450.1% Total40,018100.0%

16. Trips with No Belt Use 45,289 trips with no belt use and maximum speed recorded 16 Maximum speedTripsPercent 0 - 14 mph 15,749 34.8% 15 - 30 mph 8,654 19.1% 30 - 45 mph 10,353 22.9% 45 - 60 mph 7,820 17.3% 60 - 75 mph 2,439 5.4% 75 mph and up 274 0.6% Total45,289100.0%

17. Belt Use in Baseline Events 7,589 baseline events by 799 drivers 17 Belt useNumberPercent Properly worn7,20995.0% Not properly worn801.1% None used2763.6% Unknown if used240.3% Total7,589100.0%

18. 18 Detailed Data Example: Where Do Drivers Look? In normal driving Just before they crash

19. Glance locations in Random Baselines

20. Glance locations before Crash

21. For More Information Jim Hedlund, SHRP 2 staff –jhedlund@nas.edu –jhedlund@sprynet.com NDS InSight website (information, direct data access) https://insight.shrp2nds.us/ RID website (information, data access) http://www.ctre.iastate.edu/shrp2-rid/ TRB SHRP 2 Safety publications http://www.trb.org/Publications/PubsSHRP2ResearchReportsSafety.aspx Brochure: see me after the session; also in on-line APHA program 21