1. Key Issue #3: Why Do Ethnicities Clash? Ethnic Competition to Dominate Nationality – Big problem in Sub-Saharan Africa (Horn of Africa & Central Africa) Ethnic Competition in the Horn of Africa – Djibouti, Ethiopia, Eritrea, & Somalia (and neighboring Sudan & South Sudan) – Ethiopia & Eritrea Eritrea – Italian colony 1890-1945 (along Red Sea) Ethiopia – independent until captured by Italy in 1930s (ruled until 1945) Eritrea was given to Ethiopia by UN after WWII – expected to give some autonomy but Ethiopia dissolved legislature & banned language 1961-1991 – civil war, many fled to Sudan, emperor Haile Selassie 1993 – Eritrea became a new country; 1998 – fight over location of border Eritrea – 5 million; ½ Christian, ½ Muslim (9 major ethnic groups); sense of national loyalty & fight against Ethiopia are sources of unity Ethiopia – still multi-ethnic; Amharans (Christians) in power until 1990s and in the center; Oromo (Muslim fundamentalists) are largest (40%) group and found in south; Tigres (Christians) in north

2. Key Issue #3: Why Do Ethnicities Clash? Ethnic Competition in the Horn of Africa – Sudan 40 million people – civil war since 1980s – Black Christians & animists in South – Arab Muslims in north – attempted to dominate the country Segregation by gender, no perfume/jewelry, women fully covered, must be with a male relative, streetlights to avoid “sneaking around” 2 million (5%) died in civil war, many migrated to south or north or to Ethiopia 2005 agreement for autonomy in south (South Sudan became a country in July 2011) Ethnic war in Darfur began as civil war died down (western Sudan) – Black Africans (farmers) rebelled – Muslim nomads (jangaweed) & Sudanese military crushed rebellion; 450,000 killed; 2.5 million in refugee camps in Sudan or surrounding countries such as Chad

3. Key Issue #3: Why Do Ethnicities Clash? Ethnic Competition in the Horn of Africa – Somalia Mostly Sunni and speak Somali 9 million people in 6 clans (as well as sub-clans) In north – Isaak (took control of north in 1991), Darod (ruled until 1991), Dir In south – Digil, Hawiye (took control of south in 1991), Rahanwayn Somalia (Italian southern colony) & Somaliland (British northern colony) combined in 1960 as independent country Isaaks declared independent state of Somaliland – not recognized; have 20% of land and 40% of people U.S. sent supplies and troops in 1992 after 300,000 died from famine & civil war – withdrew in 1994 as peace talks fell apart (Black Hawk Down) Islamic militias took control in 2006 – more order than warring clans, but more supportive of terrorists Somali pirates in Gulf of Aden and Red Sea and Indian Ocean

4. Key Issue #3: Why Do Ethnicities Clash? Ethnic Competition in Lebanon – 4 million in 10,000 sq. km (4,000 sq. miles) – Once recreational & financial center of Middle East (capital of Beirut once called “Paris of the Middle East”) – 60% Muslim (1/2 Shia, 1/2 Sunni); 30% Christian (2/3 Maronite, 1/6 Greek Orthodox); 7% Druze (combine Islam & Christianity); 3% other – 1943 – independence; each religion was supposed to be represented in government (was a Christian majority, now a Muslim majority); Beirut divided in eastern (Christian) & western (Muslim) zones – 1975 civil war among religious groups; officially ended in 1990- 91; conflict still persists though – U.S. & Israeli intervention failed in 1983 – Syria tried to control until 2005 when they were forced out; Israel intervened in 2006 – Hezbollah – terrorist group with ties to Shias; backed by Iran

5. Key Issue #3: Why Do Ethnicities Clash? Dividing Ethnicities Among More Than One State – Hard to completely segregate ethnicities when creating new countries – Dividing South Asia British colony from 1800s until 1947 Divided into: – India (part of India nearly cut off by Bangladesh) - Hindu – West Pakistan (now Pakistan) – Muslim – East Pakistan (became independent Bangladesh in 1971) – Muslim East & West Pakistan were one country but separated by India Fighting between groups over South Asia for over 1000 years Assassination of Gandhi in 1948 – Hindu who believed in nonviolence and reconciliation with Muslims Forward capital – Pakistan moved its capital city to Islamabad to be have greater control near the conflict region of Kashmir

6. Key Issue #3: Why Do Ethnicities Clash? Dividing Ethnicities Among More Than One State – Forced Migration in South Asia Boundaries between religions are not exact About 17 million on wrong side in 1947 – 6 million Muslims from India to West Pakistan – 1 million Muslims from India to East Pakistan – 6 million Hindus from West Pakistan to India – 3.5 million Hindus from East Pakistan to India – Violence as extremists from both sides attacked refugees – Sikhs migrated from West Pakistan to India (division of Punjab) – Ethnic Disputes Boundary dispute in Kashmir (mountainous northern region) between India & Pakistan – “Line of Control” for Kashmir established in 1972 – Muslim majority on both sides – use guerilla warfare to unite with Pakistan or create own country of Kashmir – 25 million Sikhs not given own country – preferred India to Pakistan; extremists have fought for independence in Punjab

7. Key Issue #3: Why Do Ethnicities Clash? Dividing Sri Lanka Among Ethnicities – Once the British colony of Ceylon until 1948 – Island off SE coast of India – 20 million people – Sinhalese vs. Tamils – Sinhalese – 74%, southern Sri Lanka, Buddhist, speak language in Indo-Iranian branch of Indo-European, migrated from India in 5 th century BC – Tamils – 18%, northern Sri Lanka, Hindu, speak a Dravidian language, migrated from India in 3 rd century BC – Fought for over 2,000 years but not during British rule – Civil war began in 1983 – 60,000 or more have died – Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam – rebel Tamil group; responsible for assassinating president of Sri Lanka in 1993; defeated in 2009 – Sinhalese dominate country; Tamils feel discriminated against – Cease-fire since 2002 but violence still common – Exporter of tea, coffee, cinnamon, and coconuts

8. Key Issue #3: Why Do Ethnicities Clash? Kurds – a stateless nation (an ethnic group without a self-governing country of its own but has desire for self rule) – Sunni Muslim, Indo-Iranian language – Former country of Kurdistan taken by Turkey – 30 million Kurds – 14 mil in Turkey, 6 mil in Iran, 5 mil in Iraq, & 2 mil in Syria – Have tried to rebel in Turkey, Iran, & Iraq unsuccessfully – Saddam Hussein tested chemical weapons against Kurdish rebels – Kurds persecuted by ISIS/ISIL (Islamic State of Iraq & Greater Syria) – refugees trying to flee to Turkey Other examples of stateless nations: – Sindhis, Sikhs, Kashmiri in Pakistan/India – Tamils in Sri Lanka – Chechens, Circassians, Tatars in Russia – Uyghurs, Tibetans in China – Quebecois in Canada – Acehnese in Indonesia – Shan, Hmong, and Rohingya in SE Asia – Assyrians in Turkey/Iran/Iraq/Syria – Occitans, Basques in France/Spain