1. Cultural Revolutions The rise of Individualism and Rationalism And the Challenge to Authority and Faith: 1400-1770s

2. The Renaissance and The Reformation 1450-1648: humanism and individualism undermine scholasticism  The Renaissance period brought new ways of thinking to Europe.  Classical writings of Greece and Rome rediscovered by scholars  Focus starts to shift from religion to importance of people and human values  Advances in math and astronomy. Johannes Gutenberg invents printing press: allowed thousands to read same books, share ideas.  Printing press helped spread ideas of the Reformation during the 16 th century.  Martin Luther protested the practices of the Catholic Church in 1517 leading to a religious reform movement called the Protestant Reformation.  Conflict between Catholics and Protestants in Europe often led to civil war.  England (protestant) challenged Spain (Catholic, leader of Counter- Reformation) in Americas.  Long-term impact of Reformation: 1. increasing emphasis on individual conscience rather than institutional authority of church, 2. began the process of religious sectarianism, or, the splintering of est. churches into a variety of different denominations (continues today).

3. The Pilgrims and Puritans came to America to avoid religious persecution (see pp 78-80 RCQ p 80)  Puritans wanted to purify, or reform, the Anglican Church.  Pilgrims wanted to separate from Anglican Church.  Some pilgrims left England to escape persecution. They became immigrants, people who leave the country of their birth to live in another country.  Plymouth Colony f. 1620 by Pilgrims  Many thousands of Puritans left England in Great Migration form 1630-1640; Est. Massachusetts Bay Colony

4. Conflicts between religious freedom and religious toleration (see pp 81-83, 1 st RCQ p 83). Massachusetts Bay Theocracy Dissenters  Thomas Hooker founded more democratic Connecticut  Roger Williams founded Rhode Island, supported Church State Separation  Catholic Dissent from Church of England (see Maryland p 75  English Catholics found Maryland, 1634  Maryland: Toleration Act, 1649

5. William Penn, wealthy Quaker, established the colony of Pennsylvania, 1681.  Society of Friends, or Quakers, was one of largest religious groups in New Jersey.  Quakers, who supported nonviolence and religious tolerance, were persecuted.  William Penn founded Pennsylvania, a larger colony for Quakers that provided a safe home.  Penn limited his power, est. elected assembly, and tolerated all Christian sects.  See p 86 R.C.Q.

6. The Great Awakening and the Enlightenment led to ideas of political equality (see pp 94-95, RCQ p 95) Enlightenment  Movement in 1700s that spread the idea that reason could improve society  Also formed ideas on how government should work, Social Contract, see p 95  Philosophers said that people had natural rights  These ideas Influenced colonial leaders Great Awakening  Religious leaders wanted to spread religious feelings.  The Great Awakening —a religious movement that swept the colonies in the 1730s and 1740s— changed religion.  Revivals became popular places to talk about political and social issues.