1. Chapter 10 Insects, plants, livestock, domestic animals and humans Detrimental Aspects of Insects

2. Human Disease Transmission  1 out of 6 humans have suffered from an insect-carried disease (Estimated)  Insects are vectors for the following (in humans): –Malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever, encephalitis, arborvirus,African sleeping sickness, bubonic pague, typhus, chagas disease

3. Famous Insect caused diseases  Bubonic plague in Europe 1348 (25% of Europe was knocked out)  End of Napoleon's dream in Russia (typhus)  Delay of Panama Canal (Malaria & yellow fever)  Casualties in U.S. Civil War (malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever)

4. Malaria **Sickle cell anemia**  1 person dies every 12 seconds  Transmitted by the female mosquitoes (males do not bite)  Discovered as a insect carried disease in late 1800s  Major health problem today (especially in the tropics)  The WHO (World Health Organization) attempted to eradicate in 1947. About 5-15 percent of the world population contracted the disease every year. U.S. is now disease free  About 1000 travelers return to the U.S. each yr. With Malaria

5. PLAGUE (black death)  Endemic disease of rodents –Transmitted to humans by fleas. Once an insect ingests infected blood, the alimentary canal becomes blocked and causes the flea to regurgitate infected blood into new host (when flea tries to feed)  The pathogen (causing agent) localizes in the lymph gland (Bubonic plague). If the blood and lungs become infected(secondary) then in is pneumonic plague this can be transmitted to others by sneezing and coughing.  Death results in 80% of human victims and occurs in about 5 days

6. Major plague pandemics (localized to one area)  Plague of Justinian (A.D. 542)  Black Death of the Middle Ages (1346- 1355)  European Plague (1870-1906)

7. Yellow Fever  Introduced to the world with slave importations from Africa  Spread through the tropical “New World” and as far north as New England.  Human infections result in death or life long immunity  Greater concern in the tropic regions

8. African sleeping sickness  Occurs south of the Sahara desert  Fatal if trypanosome protozoan affect the brain and spinal cord  Transmitted by the tsetse flies

9. Onchocerciasis (river blindness)  Transmitted by black flies  20 million people are affected (most in Africa)  Disease localizes in the skin & lymph glands, however if the worms enter the eye, it causes blindness