1. WATER & DISEASES
Murray Biedler
July 09, 2012

2. Current Medical Reality
Disease
Morbidity (episodes/year)
Mortality (deaths/year)
Diarrhoeal diseases
1,000,000,000
3,300,000
Intestinal worms
1,500,000,000
100,000
Shistosomiasis
200,000,000
200,000
Malaria
400,000,000
1,500,000
Total burden/year
3,100,000,000
5,000,000

3. F-DIAGRAM: TRANSMISSION ROUTES

4. WATER-RELATED DISEASES
ENVIRONMENTAL CLASSIFICATIONS
Faecal-Oral
Water-Washed
Water-Based
Water-Related Vectors

5. Faecal-Oral Diseases
Pathogens transmitted by human excreta and then ingested
Infections of intestinal tract (diarrhoea) illness & death
Personal & domestic
hygiene important

6. SECONDARY FAECAL-ORAL Environmental vibrion reservoir
Transmision routes Cholera
SECONDARY FAECAL-ORAL
TRANSMISSION
PRIMARY
WATER & FOOD BORNE
TRANSMISSION
Environmental vibrion reservoir

7. Faecal-Oral Diseases

8. Water-Washed Diseases
Quantity of water more important than quality of water
Linked to personal and
domestic hygiene

9. Water-Washed Diseases
Skin and Eye Infections
Skin sepsis
Scabies
Fungal Skin Infections
Trachoma/Blindness
Others
Louse-borne Typhus

10. Water-Based Diseases Vector based in water Ingested
Dracunculiasis or Guinea Worm
Skin Penetrating
Schistosomiasis or Bilharziasis

11. Insect Vector Diseases
Spread by insects that :
breed in water
bite near water.

12. Insect Vector Diseases
Breed in Water
malaria (anopheles)
dengue (aedes)
yellow fever (aedes)
onchocerciasis or river blindness (simulium black fly)
Bite Near Water
trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness (glosina tsetse fly)

13. TRANSMISSION MECHANISMS
PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES
Water Borne (Cholera)
Improve quality of drinking water
Prevent casual use of unimproved sources
Water Washed
(Cholera, Scabies)
Increase water quantity used
Improve accessibility and reliability of domestic water supply
Improve hygiene practices
Water Based
(Guinea Worm)
Decrease need for contact with infected water
Control snail population (water treatment)
Reduce contamination of surface waters by excreta
Water Related
(Malaria)
Improve surface water management
Destroy breeding sites of insects
Decrease need to visit breeding sites
Use (impregnated) mosquito netting
Do Indoor Residual Spraying

14. Reservoir Host transmission Control of Diseases Related to WHS
Treat Disease
in person
Reduce
Reservoir
Interrupt
Transmission
Prevent Disease
in population