1. CHAPTER 10
SECTION 3
WILSON, WAR, AND PEACE

2. WHEN THE U.S. ENTERED WORLD WAR I THE CONFLICT
HAD BECOME A STALEMATE
– AMERICA’S ENTRY INTO THE WAR WOULD PLAY A KEY
ROLE IN ALLIED VICTORY
GERMAN MILITARY LEADERS RENEWED UNRESTRICTED
SUBMARINE WARFARE HOPING TO END THE WAR
BEFORE THE AMERICANS COULD MAKE A DIFFERENCE
GERMANS BEGAN SINKING MERCHAN SHIPS AGAIN
CAUSING THE ALLIES NOT TO GET SUPPLIES THEY
NEEDED
– BEGAN USING CONVOYS – GROUPS OF MERCHANT
SHIPS SAILING TOGETHER PROTECTED BY WARSHIPS
– TO COMBAT UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE

3. RUSSIA TORN APART BY REVOLUTIONS – MARCH 1917
– VLADIMIR LENIN’S RADICAL
COMMUNISTS OVERTHREW
CZAR NICHOLAS II AND
GAINED CONTROL OF RUSSIA

4. LENIN SIGNED THE
TREATY OF BREST-LITOVSK
– WITH GERMANY TO END
THE WAR BETWEEN RUSSIA
AND GERMANY
THE END OF THE WAR ON THE
EASTERN FRONT LET
GERMANY CONCENTRATE OF
THE WESTERN FRONT
– NOT GOOD FOR THE ALLIES
– GERMANY LAUNCHED AN
OFFENSIVE ON THE
WESTERN FRONT WHICH
THREATENED TO BREAK
THROUGH ALLIED
DEFENSES AND MAKE THEIR
WAY TO PARIS

5. AMERICAN TROOPS LED BY GENERAL JOHN J. PERSHING
– COMMANDER OF AMERICAN
FORCES IN EUROPE
– ARRIVED WITH AMERICAN
TROOPS - DOUGHBOYS IN
FRANCE IN JUNE 1917
– MARCH 1918 GERMAN
OFFENSIVE BEGAN TO STALL
- ALLIED COUNTERATTACKS
AND GERMAN EXHAUSTION
ENDED THE OFFENSIVE

6. ONE OF THE GREATEST
HEROES OF WWI WAS
ALVIN C. YORK
– FROM TENNESSEE
– FOUGHT IN THE MEUSE-
ARGONNE REGION OF
FRANCE
– TRAPPED BEHIND
ENEMY LINES WITH 16
OTHERS, YORK SHOT AN
ENTIRE MACHINE-GUN
NEST WITH HIS RIFLE
– HE WON THE
CONGRESSIONAL
MEDAL OF HONOR FOR
HIS SERVICE

7. MANY HEROES OF WWI DIED OR WERE NOT
RECOGNIZED FOR THEIR SERVICES
– BY THE END OF THE WAR 1.3 MILLION AMERICANS
HAD SERVED, MORE THAN 50,000 DIED AND 230,000
WERE WOUNDED
AMERICAN TROOPS GAVE THE ALLIES THE
ADVANTAGE
– FALL OF 1918 GERMAN AND AUSTRIA-HUNGARIAN
ARMIES HAD HAD ENOUGH OF FIGHTING
– MANY DESERTED, MUTINIED AND REFUSED TO
FIGHT
– CAUSED THE LEADERS TO SURRENDER
NOVEMBER 11, 1918 GERMANY SURRENDERED TO
THE ALLIES IN A RAILWAY CAR IN COMPIEGN, FRANCE
– NOVEMBER 11 BECAME ARMISTICE DAY
NEARLY 5 MILLION ALLIED AND 8 MILLION CENTRAL
POWER TROOPS WERE DEAD
– ALSO 6.5 MILLION CIVILIANS

8. PEACE WITHOUT VICTORY VLADIMIR LENIN CALLED WWI
AN IMPERIALISTIC LAND GRAB
– HE EXPOSED SECRET TREATIES
THAT RUSSIA HAD MADE WITH
THE OTHER ALLIES IN WHICH
THEY AGREED TO DIVIDE
AMONG THEMSELVES THE
EMPIRES OF THEIR ENEMIES
– UNDERCUT TO MORALITY OF
THE ALLIED CAUSE IN THE WAR

9. WILSON BELIEVED THE
WAR WAS ABOUT
PEACE AND FREEDOM
– NOT IMPERIALISM
– INTRODUCED THE
IDEA OF PEACE
WITHOUT VICTORY
– VICTORY WOULD
FORCE PEACE ON
THE LOSER, CAUSING
RESENTMENT
– WOULD NOT CREATE
A LASTING PEACE

10. WILSON OUTLINED
AMERICA’S WAR GOALS IN
HIS FOURTEEN POINTS
– WAS ABOUT “PEACE
WITHOUT VICTORY”
– HE PROPOSED PEACE
INSPIRED BY NOBLE
IDEALS, NOT GREED AND
VENGEANCE
THE FOURTEEN POINTS
WANTED TH CHANGE THE
WORLD BY PROMOTING
OPENNESS, ENCOURAGING
INDEPENDENCE AND
SUPPORTING FREEDOM

11. THE FOURTEEN POINTS INCLUDED:
1. FREEDOM OF THE SEAS
2. FREE TRADE
3. A MOVE TOWARD ENDING COLONIALISM
4. GENERAL REDUCTION OF ARMAMENTS
5. SELF – DETERMINATION
– THE RIGHT OF PEOPLE TO CHOOSE THEIR
OWN FORM OF GOVERNMENT
6. LEAGUE OF NATIONS
– A WORLD ORGANIZATION WHERE
COUNTRIES COULD GATHER AND
PEACEFULLY RESOLVE THEIR PROBLEMS

12. 1919 – ALLIES HELD A PEACE
CONFERENCE AT VERSAILLES
– THE FORMER PALACE OF
LOUIS XIV
PRESIDENT WILSON WENT TO
REPRESENT THE U.S.
– THE FIRST TIME A SITTING
PRESIDENT HAD CROSSED
THE ATLANTIC WHILE IN
OFFICE
WILSON DID NOT INVITE ANY
LEADING REPUBLICANS WITH
HIM
– ANGERED THE REPUBLICANS
WHO HAD JUST TAKEN
CONTROL OF CONGRESS IN
THE 1918 ELECTIONS

13. PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE
OTHER ALLIED LEADERS DID
NOT AGREE WITH WILSON
– BLAMED GERMANY FOR THE
WAR AND REMINDED WILSON
THAT THE U.S. HAD NOT
SUFFERED AS MUCH AS THEY
HAD BECAUSE OF THE WAR
– WANTED GERMANY TO PAY
REPARATIONS – PAYMENT
FOR WAR DAMAGE
– TO WEAKEN GERMANY SO
THEY COULD NEVER
THREATEN EUROPE AGAIN

14. WHEN THE CONFERENCE BEGAN
LEADERS:
GEORGES CLEMENCEAU
– REPRESENTING FRANCE,
DAVID-LLOYD GEORGE
– REPRESENTING BRITAIN, AND
VITTORIO ORLANDO
– REPRESENTING ITALY
– BEGAN TO CHIP AWAY AT
WILSON’S FOURTEEN POINTS

15. WILSON WOULD NOT
COMPROMISE ON THE
LEAGUE OF NATIONS
– DELEGATES FINALLY
VOTED TO MAKE THE
PART OF THE TREATY

16. AMERICA REJECTS THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES
GERMAN AMERICANS THOUGHT
THE TREATY WAS TOO HARSH ON
GERMANY
THE TREATY HAD TO BE RATIFIED
BY THE REPUBLICAN CONTROLLED
SENATE
– WHO WILSON ANGERED
IRRECONCILABLES
– SENATORS WHO BELIEVED THAT
THE U.S. SHOULD NOT GET
ENTANGLED IN WORLD POLITICS
OR WORLD ORGANIZATIONS
– OPPOSED THE TREATY BECAUSE
OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS

17. RESERVATIONISTS
– LED BY HENRY CABOT LODGE
– OPPOSED THE TREATY AS IT
WAS WRITTEN
– JUST WANTED SMALL CHANGES
– BELIEVED ONE ARTICLE
UNDERMINED CONGRESS’S
POWER TO DECLARE WAR
– WITH CHANGES THEY WOULD
VOTE TO RATIFY THE TREATY
– BELIEVED THAT WAS WHAT THE
PUBLIC WANTED

18. WILSON FOUGHT FOR THE
LEAGUE OF NATIONS AND
WENT ON TOUR AROUND
THE U.S. TO GET SUPPORT
FOR IT
– WAS NOT IN GOOD HEALTH
– HAD TO BE RUSHED BACK
TO WASHINGTON, D.C.
WHERE HE SUFFERED A
STROKE

19. A TREATY REVISED TO ELIMINATE THE COMPLAINTS
OF THE RESERVATIONISTS REACHED THE SENATE
FOR A VOTE
– WILSON TOLD DEMOCRATS TO VOTE WITH THE
IRRECONCILABLES AGAINST IT
SENATE VOTED ON THE TRATY WITHOUT ANY
CHANGES
– THE DEMOCRATS VOTED FOR IT
– BUT THE IRRECONCILABLES AND
RESERVATIONISTS VOTED AGAINST IT
THE SENATE WAS NOT ISOLATIONIST
– MOST WANTED TO PARTICIPATE IN WORLD
AFFAIRS
– THE PROBLEM WAS HOW TO DO THIS

20. AT A MOMENT THAT DEMANDED
COMPROMISE WILSON AND HIS
OPPONENTS REFUSED TO PUT
ASIDE PERSONAL AND POLITICAL
DIFFERENCES FOR THE GOOD OF
THE COUNTRY
WITHOUT FULL AMERICAN SUPPORT
THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS PROVED
UNABLE TO MAINTAIN PEACE AMONG
NATIONS