1. BEHAVIORAL THEORIES  Classical Conditioning  Operant Conditioning  Social-Cognitive Theory

2. BEHAVIORAL THEORIES  Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning …Neutral stimulus paired with active stimulus to produce response.  Watson’s Conditioning of ‘little Albert’ …Involuntary responses are learned.  Skinner’s Operant Conditioning …Consequences, rewards and punishment, shape behavior. Theories of Development

3. SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORIES  Bandura …Emphasizes observational learning. …Focus on reciprocal interactions among behavior, cognition, and environment (any one can influence the others). …Cognitive thought needed to imitate others. Theories of Development

4. BANDURA’S SOCIAL COGNITIVE MODEL Theories of Development

5. SOCIAL-COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORY Model: Conscious and Rational  Very compatible theory with the American culture.  No such thing as an unconscious.  Not going to tell you something about yourself that you don’t already know.  Does not challenge our beliefs as psychodynamic does.  Common sense approach.  Added the symbolic environment as opposed to just rewards and punishments.

6. SOCIAL-COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORY Reciprocal Determinism (causation) Triangular Model: Person Internal personal factors such as cognitions, affective reactions, and biological processes. Behavior Overt behavior. Environment Actual Environment.

7. SOCIAL-COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORY Observational Learning: Attention Symbolic Representation Transformation into Action Motivational Incentive

8. SOCIAL-COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORY Self-Efficacy: Persons belief in their ability to produce desired results from their own actions. Ways to develop Efficacy: Mastery Experiences Social Modeling Social Persuasion Physical and Emotional States and ability to read them This is not self-esteem.

9. SOCIAL-COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORY Important: Very Simple Expectancies Person---Behavior---Consequence The expectancy occurs between each step. The first is self-efficacy: that you can perform a specific behavior in a specific situation. The second is the outcome expectancy-you will receive what you are suppose to receive (reinforcement value).

10. SOCIAL-COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORY When negative behaviors do happen? Mechanisms of Disengagement: Moral Justification Euphemistic Labeling Minimizing the consequences Dehumanizing the victim Blaming the victim Someone else’s responsibility Diffusion of responsibility

11. EVALUATING THE BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORIES  Contributions include: …Scientific research …Person and cognitive factors …Environmental determinants …Observational learning  Criticisms include: …Lack of focus on cognition …Too little attention to developmental changes …Overemphasis on environmental determinants Theories of Development

12. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING  Creator: Ivan Pavlov

13. OPERANT CONDITIONING  Creator: B.F. Skinner

14. LEARNED FEAR  Creator: John Watson