2. Phase I: The Northern Campaign [1775-1776]

3. Bunker Hill (June, 1775) The British suffered over 40% casualties.

4. BritainAmericans Advantages?? Disadvantages?? On the Eve of the Revolution ?

5. Phase II: NY & PA [1777-1778]

6. The Battle for New York British General Howe sailed into Staten Island in July 1776British General Howe sailed into Staten Island in July 1776 Captured NYC at the Battle of Long Island in August 17776Captured NYC at the Battle of Long Island in August 17776 Due to Howe’s failure to “finish them off”, Washington’s army retreated to PADue to Howe’s failure to “finish them off”, Washington’s army retreated to PA Washington’s HeadachesWashington’s Headaches –1/3 of colonists in favor of the war at this time –Poorly trained army (until Baron Von Stueben) –Many deserted

7. New York City in Flames (1776)

8. Meanwhile, The 2 nd Continental Congress isThe 2 nd Continental Congress is meeting in Philadelphia – 3 Prong Resolution meeting in Philadelphia – 3 Prong Resolution Thomas Paine – The CrisisThomas Paine – The Crisis “these are the times that try men’s souls” souls”

9. Washington Crossing the Delaware Painted by Emanuel Leutze, 1851

10. The Battle of Trenton Armies did not fight during winter timesArmies did not fight during winter times – the common military custom- – the common military custom- Washington’s Plan – sneak attack Christmas night, 1776Washington’s Plan – sneak attack Christmas night, 1776 2,400 troops crossed Delaware River2,400 troops crossed Delaware River and attacked Hessians (1400 soldiers) at Trenton and attacked Hessians (1400 soldiers) at Trenton The entire Hessian force was capturedThe entire Hessian force was captured only 5 colonial soldiers killedonly 5 colonial soldiers killed Attacked and won Princeton – settled into Morristown, NJ for rest of winterAttacked and won Princeton – settled into Morristown, NJ for rest of winter

11. British Counterattack September 1777 – Washington’s army was defeated at Brandywine Creek.September 1777 – Washington’s army was defeated at Brandywine Creek. Late September 1777 –Howe captures Philadelphia – C. Congress flees.Late September 1777 –Howe captures Philadelphia – C. Congress flees. October 1777, Washington’s army lost the Battle of Germantown.October 1777, Washington’s army lost the Battle of Germantown.

12. Counterattack Continued General Burgoyne attack: attack New England and cut the area off from the rest of the countryGeneral Burgoyne attack: attack New England and cut the area off from the rest of the country June 1777, Burgoyne recaptured Fort Ticonderoga, moves towards Albany.June 1777, Burgoyne recaptured Fort Ticonderoga, moves towards Albany. The retreating Americans destroyed everything in the British pathThe retreating Americans destroyed everything in the British path This slowed Burgoyne’s advance and his army ran low on suppliesThis slowed Burgoyne’s advance and his army ran low on supplies

13. Saratoga: “Turning Point” of the War? Saratoga: “Turning Point” of the War? 1.Horatio Gates 2.Biggest American victory thus far 3.Feb. 1778. France formal alliance 4.Supplies, troops, money, and NAVY from french A modern-day re-enactment

14. More Foreign Allies 1779, Spain joined war as France’s ally and attacked British outposts in Florida and along the Mississippi River.1779, Spain joined war as France’s ally and attacked British outposts in Florida and along the Mississippi River. Netherlands joined the war as an American ally in 1780.Netherlands joined the war as an American ally in 1780. Prior to formal alliance - a number of Europeans volunteered to helpPrior to formal alliance - a number of Europeans volunteered to help American cause. American cause.

15. Washington’s Hardships during War Horrible winter at Valley ForgeHorrible winter at Valley Forge Secret to winning-sheer determinationSecret to winning-sheer determination of Americans to fight at all costs of Americans to fight at all costs Lack of financial support fromLack of financial support from Congress Congress British blockade – economic distressBritish blockade – economic distress Inflation hurt the American colonists’Inflation hurt the American colonists’ ability to buy goods ability to buy goods

16. Fighting Turns West Howe abandons Philadelphia, heads north, Battle of MonmouthHowe abandons Philadelphia, heads north, Battle of Monmouth –Heavy casualties –Major defeat for Howe American Colonel George Rogers ClarkAmerican Colonel George Rogers Clark –Helps capture Brit. Posts in Indiana and IL –Feb. 1779, Clark gets Native American help to take Fort Vicennes in Indiana –Victory strengthens claims to Ohio River Valley

17. Phase III: The Southern Strategy [beginning in 1779 and for the next 3 years]

18. Britain’s “Southern Strategy” Britain thought that there were more Loyalists in the South. Southern resources were more valuable/worth preserving. The British win a number of small victories, but cannot pacify the countryside [similar to U. S. failures in Vietnam!] British Royal Navy seize Savannah, GA, and Charleston, SC Southern Phase vicious – Americans pitted against Americans

19. Southern Phase British General Cornwallis invades North Carolina in March 1781, heads North into Virginia towards American General Marquis de Lafayette’s forcesBritish General Cornwallis invades North Carolina in March 1781, heads North into Virginia towards American General Marquis de Lafayette’s forces August 1781, Cornwallis sets up camp at Yorktown, pennisula between York and James River, waiting for the Royal Navy to arriveAugust 1781, Cornwallis sets up camp at Yorktown, pennisula between York and James River, waiting for the Royal Navy to arrive

20. The Battle of Yorktown (1781) Count de Rochambeau Admiral De Grasse

21. Washington’s Chance to end the war Spring of 1780, Comte de Rochambeau (commander of French forces sent to America to assist) and approx. 5000 troops arrived in R.I., kept at sea by blockade for a yearSpring of 1780, Comte de Rochambeau (commander of French forces sent to America to assist) and approx. 5000 troops arrived in R.I., kept at sea by blockade for a year Spring 1781, Rochambeau and Washington agreed to march to VA to help Lafayette overwhelm Cornwallis’ forcesSpring 1781, Rochambeau and Washington agreed to march to VA to help Lafayette overwhelm Cornwallis’ forces

22. The Battle of Yorktown Washington and Rochambeau marched south as Adm. De Grasse sailed north from the West Indies to Chesapeake Bay to cut off British communicationWashington and Rochambeau marched south as Adm. De Grasse sailed north from the West Indies to Chesapeake Bay to cut off British communication Early October 1781, Washington, Rochambeau, and Lafayette meet up, and besiege Cornwallis on October 2 nd.Early October 1781, Washington, Rochambeau, and Lafayette meet up, and besiege Cornwallis on October 2 nd. Cornwallis and his unsupplied troops now face army twice the size of their own, blocking his escape from the peninsulaCornwallis and his unsupplied troops now face army twice the size of their own, blocking his escape from the peninsula De Grasse's naval forces turned back British Adm. Graves's ships coming to Cornwallis's rescue and thereby prevented Cornwallis's escape or his reinforcement.De Grasse's naval forces turned back British Adm. Graves's ships coming to Cornwallis's rescue and thereby prevented Cornwallis's escape or his reinforcement.

23. Cornwallis’ Surrender at Yorktown October 19, 1781 Painted by John  Trumbull, 1797 “The World Turned Upside Down!”

25. The Treaty of Paris 1. England recognized American independence 2. Great Lakes and St. Lawrence R. became boundary between Canada and America 3. Mississippi R. became western border b/w America and Spanish territory 4. Navigation on river was open to Americans and British citizens 5. Florida was returned to Spain and the border between Florida and America was set 6. Britain removed all troops from American territory 7. Congress pledged to recommend to states that rights/property of Loyalists be restored

26. North America After the Treaty of Paris, 1783

27. New Problems to deal with 1.Washington resigned from the army and gave command over to Congress 2.Most Americans saw themselves as individual states, not a unified nation * Federalist vs. Anti-federalist 3.Without a strong central government and no one left to handle the debt America was in 50 million in debt50 million in debt States did not feel they had to pay off a “national debt”States did not feel they had to pay off a “national debt”

28. Wholesale Price Index: 1770-1789

29. Federalist vs. Anti-Federalist Strongholds at the End of the War

31. The Articles of Confederation – our 1 st Constitution A unicameral Congress – 9 out of 13 to pass a law 13 out of 13 to amend. Representatives were frequently absent. Congress could declare war, but did not have authority to tax or raise armies. No executive or judicial branches. No federal court system – each state had its own system Voting rules varied from state to state

32. State Constitutions Republicanism. Most had strong governors with veto power. Most had bicameral legislatures. Property required for voting. Some had universal white male suffrage. Most had bills of rights. Many had a continuation of state- established religions while others disestablished religion.

33. Criticisms of Articles 1.One vote for each state, regardless of size 2.Congress was powerless, no real power a.Could not tax b.Could not regulate foreign, interstate commerce 3.No executive branch to enforce laws 4.No judicial branch to interpret laws 5.Articles only created a “firm league of friendship,” not a unified country

34. Occupational Composition of Several State Assemblies in the 1780s

35. Indian Land Cessions: 1768-1799

36. Disputed Territorial Claims Between Spain & the U. S.: 1783-1796

37. State Claims to Western Lands

38. Land Ordinance of 1785

39. Northwest Ordinance of 1787 One of the major accomplishments of the Confederation Congress! Statehood achieved in three stages: 1.Congress appointed 3 judges & a governor to govern the territory. 2.When population reached 5,000 adult male landowners  elect territorial legislature. 3.When population reached 60,000  elect delegates to a state constitutional convention.

40. The United States in 1787

41. American Exports, To & From Britain: 1783-1789

42. Annapolis Convention (1786) 12 representatives from 5 states [NY, NJ, PA, DE, VA] GOAL  address barriers that limited trade and commerce between the states. Not enough states were represented to make any real progress. Sent a report to the Congress to call a meeting of all the states to meet in Philadelphia to examine areas broader than just trade and commerce.

43. Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-7 Daniel Shays Western MA Small farmers angered by crushing debts and taxes.

44. Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-7

45. There could be no stronger evidence of the want of energy in our governments than these disorders. -- George Washington