1. The
American
Revolution:

2. Phase I: The Northern Campaign [1775-1776]
Ethan Allen
Benedict Arnold
Henry Knox
Trying to get Canada to support the American cause

3. The British suffered over 40% casualties.
Bunker Hill (June, 1775)
The British suffered over 40% casualties.

4. On the Eve of the Revolution ?
Britain
Americans
Advantages ?
Disadvantages

5. Phase II:
NY & PA [ ]

6. The Battle for New York July 1776 – The British are Back!
Battle of Long Island in August 1776 – Washington retreats to Manhattan
Hessian solders take no prisoners
John Glover and his marble head militia from MA man the boats
Unlikely turn of fate – thick fog rolled in – patriots could escape
Washington withdraws to Harlem heights and NY catches on fire
Army retreats to PA
Many colonists still loyalists – red ribbons tacked on doors
Army is poorly trained and deserts often

7. New York City in Flames (1776)

8. Washington Crossing the Delaware Painted by Emanuel Leutze, 1851
The Battle of Trenton

9. The Battle of Trenton Washington’s Plan – sneak attack Christmas night
2,400 troops, again with help of John Glover and his marblehead militia
Captain Alexander Hamilton and his cannons used to devastating effects
Future Pres. James Monroe wounded
The entire Hessian force was captured
Hessian commander killed (Johann Rall)
Army’s “policy of humanity”
Only 5 colonial soldiers killed
Attacked and won Princeton – settled into Morristown, NJ for rest of winter

10. British Counterattack
September 1777 – Brandywine Creek and fall of Philadelphia
Paoli Massacre
October 1777, Battle of Germantown
Retreat to Whitemarsh and then Valley Forge

11. Counterattack Continued
Howe’s Northern Campaign Plan,
Burgoyne and Col. Barry St. Leger attack South from Canada
Howe attacks North from NY
American’s retreat slows Burgoyne
Burgoyne’s desperation and mistakes
mobilizes public support to fight for the Americans (rallying cry for the atrocities)

12. Saratoga-Sept/Oct, 1777 “Turning Point” of the War
Burgoyne Gates,
Biggest American victory thus far
Feb France formal alliance
Supplies, troops, money, and NAVY from French

13. More Foreign Allies
Spain joined war as France’s ally – Florida and Mississippi River (1778)
Netherlands (1780)
Prior to formal alliance
Marquis de Lafayette
Johan Kalb
Thaddeus kosciusko
Friedrich Von Steuben

14. Washington’s Hardships during War
Horrible winter at Valley Forge
sheer determination
of Americans to fight at all costs
Lack of financial support from
Congress
British blockade – economic distress
Inflation hurt the American colonists’
ability to buy goods
??? sb c

15. Fighting Turns West
Howe abandons Philadelphia, heads north, Battle of Monmouth
Heavy casualties
Major defeat for Howe
American Colonel George Rogers Clark
Helps capture Brit. Posts in Indiana and IL
Feb. 1779, Clark gets Native American help to take Fort Vicennes in Indiana
Victory strengthens claims to Ohio River Valley
Nathaniel Greene takes over command in the South

16. Phase III: The Southern Strategy [beginning in 1779 and for the next 3 years]

17. Britain’s “Southern Strategy”
Britain thought that there were more Loyalists in the South.
British Royal Navy seize Savannah, GA, and Charleston, SC
Southern Phase vicious – Americans pitted against Americans

18. Southern Phase
Cornwallis invades North Carolina in March 1781, heads North into Virginia towards American General Marquis de Lafayette’s
forces

19. The Battle of Yorktown (1781)
Rochambeau
Admiral De Grasse

20. The Battle of Yorktown
Washington and Rochambeau marched south as Adm. De Grasse sailed north from the West Indies to Chesapeake Bay to cut off British communication
Early October 1781, Washington, Rochambeau, and Lafayette meet up, and besiege Cornwallis on October 2nd.
Cornwallis and his unsupplied troops now face army twice the size of their own, blocking his escape from the peninsula
De Grasse's naval forces turned back British Adm. Graves's ships coming to Cornwallis's rescue and thereby prevented Cornwallis's escape or his reinforcement.

21. Cornwallis’ Surrender at Yorktown October 19, 1781
“The World Turned Upside Down!”
Painted by John Trumbull, 1797

22. What
did the British
Lose???

23. The Treaty of Paris 1. England recognized American independence
2. Great Lakes and St. Lawrence R. became boundary between Canada and America
3. Mississippi R. became western border b/w America and Spanish territory
4. Navigation on river was open to Americans and British citizens
5. Florida was returned to Spain and the border between Florida and America was set
6. Britain removed all troops from American territory
7. Congress pledged to recommend to states that rights/property of Loyalists be restored

24. North America After the Treaty of Paris, 1783

25. New Problems to deal with
Washington resigned from the army and gave command over to Congress
Most Americans saw themselves as individual states, not a unified nation
* Federalist vs. Anti-federalist
Without a strong central government and no one left to handle the debt America was in
50 million in debt
States did not feel they had to pay off a “national debt”

26. Wholesale Price Index: 1770-1789

27. Federalist vs. Anti-Federalist Strongholds at the End of the War

28. Articles of
Confederation
Government:

29. The Articles of Confederation – our 1st Constitution
A unicameral Congress – 9 out of 13 to pass a law
13 out of 13 to amend.
Representatives were frequently absent.
Congress could declare war, but did not have authority to tax or raise armies.
No executive or judicial branches.
No federal court system – each state had its own system
Voting rules varied from state to state

30. State Constitutions Republicanism.
Most had strong governors with veto power.
Most had bicameral legislatures.
Property required for voting.
Some had universal white male suffrage.
Most had bills of rights.
Many had a continuation of state-established religions while others disestablished religion.

31. Criticisms of Articles
One vote for each state, regardless of size
Congress was powerless, no real power
Could not tax
Could not regulate foreign, interstate commerce
No executive branch to enforce laws
No judicial branch to interpret laws
Articles only created a “firm league of friendship,” not a unified country

32. Occupational Composition of Several State Assemblies in the 1780s

33. Indian Land Cessions: 1768-1799

34. Disputed Territorial Claims Between Spain & the U. S.: 1783-1796

35. State Claims to Western Lands

36. Land Ordinance of 1785

37. Northwest Ordinance of 1787
One of the major accomplishments of the Confederation Congress!
Statehood achieved in three stages:
Congress appointed 3 judges & a governor to govern the territory.
When population reached 5,000 adult male landowners  elect territorial legislature.
When population reached 60,000  elect delegates to a state constitutional convention.

38. The United States in 1787

39. American Exports, To & From Britain: 1783-1789

40. Annapolis Convention (1786)
12 representatives from 5 states [NY, NJ, PA, DE, VA]
GOAL  address barriers that limited trade and commerce between the states.
Not enough states were represented to make any real progress.
Sent a report to the Congress to call a meeting of all the states to meet in Philadelphia to examine areas broader than just trade and commerce.

41. Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-7 Daniel Shays Western MA
Small farmers angered by crushing debts and taxes.

42. Shays’ Rebellion:

43. Shays’ Rebellion:
There could be no stronger evidence of the want of energy in our governments than these disorders.
-- George Washington