1. Cell Theory 1. All organisms are composed of cells 2. Cells are the smallest unit of life capable of self maintenance, and self replication 3. All living cells are produced by preexisting cells

2. Types of cells 1. Prokaryotic cells: No nucleus or internal membranous organelles Small cells In the domains Bacteria and Archaea

3. Types of cells 2. Eukaryotic cells Nucleus and complex membranous organelles Includes all animal cells, plant cells, fungi cells, Protozoa

4. All eukaryotic cells have generally similar organelles. There are a few important differences that are described below.

5. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.14 A typical animal cell.

6. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.14 A typical animal cell.

7. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.1a A eukaryotic animal cell.

9. Plasma (Cell) Membrane A boundary between the cell and the environment Two layers of phospholipids Selectively permeable

10. Cell Membrane

11. Nucleus Nucleus – control center of the cell DNA (genetic material) is located inside of the nucleus Nucleoli (inside nucleus) produce ribosomes

12. Cytoplasm Cytosol-gel like substance Organelles-carry out specific functions

13. Organelles - 1 Ribosomes – Make proteins. May be attached to RER or floating free in the cytosol Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) - An array of tubules in the cytoplasm. Modifies and transport proteins

14. Ribosomes and Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER )

15. Organelles - 2 Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - involved in the synthesis of lipids. Lacks ribosomes The Golgi Complex - Array of flattened sacs. Packages proteins in vesicles for transport outside or inside the cell Vesicles - transport proteins between compartments

16. The Golgi Complex

17. Organelles - 3 Mitochondria - Powerhouse of the cell Site of aerobic cellular respiration, which releases energy from sugar

18. Mitochondria

19. Organelles - 4 Lysosomes - Vesicles that contain digestive enzymes. Break down old cell parts Cytoskeleton - The “skeleton” of the cell. Consists of microtubules and microfilaments Vacuoles - Large membranous bubbles which store substances inside the cell

20. Only in animal cells Centrioles Paired structures composed of microtubules They form the mitotic spindle during cell division

21. Only in plant cells Cell wall – rigid structure outside the cell membrane, provides support to the cell Central vacuole - fluid filled cavity Chloroplasts – Contains the green pigment chlorophyll. Convert sunlight into carbohydrates

22. Plant cell

23. Aggregations of cells Tissue - a group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function Organ - two or more tissues cooperating to perform a certain life support function Organ System-a group of organs working together to perform a general life support function Organism