2. Ch. 2 Research Methods FYI: There are several video clips that might not show up when you pull up the power point. Under each clip there is a web address for that clip. You can either hyperlink or copy and paste the address to view the clips.

3. Goals of Psychological Research Description of social behavior – Are people who grow up in warm climates different from those in cold climates? Establish a relationship between cause & effect – Does heat cause higher amounts of aggression? Develop theories about why people behave the way that they do – We dislike Duke students to feel better about ourselves Application – Creating effective therapeutic treatments, more successful negotiation tactics, and greater understanding amongst groups of people

4. Terms used in Research: relationship between two variables. Hypothesis: we are moving from an educated guess to expresses a relationship between two variables. http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.simplypsychology.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/hypothesis.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.simplypsychology.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/aims- hypotheses.html&usg=__NRh_zDntHhH4hvdURWKWFOXauEI=&h=384&w=428&sz=19&hl=en&start=0&zoom=1&tbnid=toLUNv3BSvDUhM:&tbnh=123&tbnw=137&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dhypothesis%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26rlz%3D1T4ADRA_enUS376US377%26biw%3D1899%26bih%3D922%26 tbs%3Disch:1&um=1&itbs=1&iact=rc&dur=193&ei=qCyETKj7FZCgsQPilPytCw&oei=qCyETKj7FZCgsQPilPytCw&esq=1&page=1&ndsp=38&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0&tx=54&ty=87

5. Variables are what you are manipulating in your experiment. http://tytusblog.blogspot.com/2009/08/engineers-make-better-models-of.html

6. Theory Aims to explain http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2lXh2n0aPyw

7. Validity and Reliability Valid: it is accurate Reliable: It can be replicated

8. Placebo: “sugar pill” that is given and the patient believes to be the real thing. This lady thinks she has been given and antidepressant but really she only got a placebo. SHHHHHHH

9. Overconfidence We tend to think we know more than we do. 82% of U.S. drivers consider themselves to be in the top 30% of their group in terms of safety 81% of new business owners felt they had an excellent chance of their businesses succeeding. When asked about the success of their peers, the answer was only 39%. (Now that's overconfidence!!!)

10. Confirmation Bias A tendency for people to accept information that confirms what they want believe http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fc0tiNGi8jw&feature=related

11. Hindsight Bias http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.nixlab.net/blog/IMG/Hindsight.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.nixlab.net/blog/&usg=__f8Bb5dXyhMSq_cgPTXQXgL eZGYM=&h=366&w=500&sz=24&hl=en&start=256&zoom=1&tbnid=H0aVbz2SW4ftPM:&tbnh=113&tbnw=149&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dhindsight%26um%3D1%26hl%3 Den%26rlz%3D1T4ADRA_enUS376US377%26biw%3D1899%26bih%3D922%26tbs%3Disch:1&um=1&itbs=1&iact=rc&dur=371&oei=Gg- FTIWGEoTAsAOiuMn2Bw&esq=undefined&page=8&ndsp=36&ved=1t:429,r:2,s:256&tx=85&ty=51 The tendency to believe after the outcome that you knew it all along.

12. Hawthorne Effect Just knowing you are participating in a study can change the outcome. http://www.propagandaposters.us/poster11.html

13. Experimenter Bias “Did you study for your test?” “MMMM.. I think he wants me to say yes?!?”

14. Experimental vs. Control Group

15. Experimental Group: Receives Treatment Control Group: receives no treatment

16. Double Blind vs. Single Blind http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aSP2OMiFxhg

17. Self-Fulfilling Prophesy http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nOSNGKYKgX4

18. Methods of Research

19. Types of Research Descriptive Correlational Experimental

20. Experimental Method Done in a lab. Good: You have control over your environment. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6EjJsPylEOY

21. Naturalistic Observation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fSiWXkOfHBY&feature=related

22. Good: Let’s you observe in a participants natural setting. BAD: you have to avoid disturbing what you are studying Naturalist Observation

23. Case Studies An intense study of a person or group. Diaries, Tests, and interviews.

24. The Case Study Where one person (or situation) is observed in depth. What are the strengths and weaknesses of using a tragedy like the Columbine School Shootings as a case study?

25. Survey Says… http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iejf3YZboQ8

26. We like Survey’s because: – 1. They are cheap – 2. you can get a large amount of information quickly. We don’t like Survey’s because: 1. Danger of participants putting the wrong answers.

27. Sampling SAMPLE is a group of participants that represent a POPULATION six-sigma-material.com http://mips.stanford.edu/courses/stats_data_analsys/lesson_1/234_0_a.html

28. A BAD SAMPLE Finding the average height of men or women by using basketball players for your sample.

29. Longitudinal Studies http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.cfr.nichd.nih.gov/images/children_linedup2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.cfr.nichd.nih.gov/longitudinal.html&usg=__w_lHT2 -TFLy8l_gLnyOF-8W7ctE=&h=364&w=589&sz=68&hl=en&start=0&zoom=1&tbnid=J01pJhEZ4Am- eM:&tbnh=99&tbnw=160&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlongitudinal%2Bstudies%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26rlz%3D1T4ADRA_enUS376US377%26biw%3D1899%26bih%3D92 2%26tbs%3Disch:1&um=1&itbs=1&iact=rc&dur=334&ei=OheETPijDIn4swPDutH2Bw&oei=OheETPijDIn4swPDutH2Bw&esq=1&page=1&ndsp=37&ved=1t:429,r:10,s:0&tx=61&ty= 59 Data is taken from a group over a period of time.

30. Cross-Sectional Studies Data is collected from groups of individuals of different ages and compared. http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://goodhealth.freeservers.com/Indonesia_kids_smoking.jpg&imgrefurl=http://snus- news.blogspot.com/2009_06_07_archive.html&usg=__oeZOXLzTwb1zO0kgdosS5qe_rCU=&h=351&w=468&sz=29&hl=en&start=132&zoom=1&t bnid=229vf0XnoqVSUM:&tbnh=116&tbnw=152&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dkids%2Bsmoking%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26rlz%3D1T4ADR A_enUS376US377%26biw%3D1899%26bih%3D922%26tbs%3Disch:10%2C1185&um=1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=1059&vpy=534&dur=2485&hovh=19 4&hovw=259&tx=140&ty=90&oei=wjGETOCOAYjksQOO1pj3Bw&esq=undefined&page=5&ndsp=36&ved=1t:429,r:7,s:132&biw=1899&bih=922 http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.babble.com/CS/blogs/strollerderby/image141306x.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.babble.c om/CS/blogs/strollerderby/archive/tags/teen%2Bsmoking/default.aspx&usg=__NXRN3isiMRxtCyl- aCFg0QXJdIU=&h=278&w=370&sz=21&hl=en&start=0&zoom=1&tbnid=B1brJTNGGuPE1M:&tbnh=114&tbnw=156&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dte ens%2Bsmoking%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26rlz%3D1T4ADRA_enUS376US377%26biw%3D1899%26bih%3D922%26tbs%3Disch:1&u m=1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=280&vpy=102&dur=349&hovh=195&hovw=259&tx=248&ty=96&ei=NTKETLKbOISesQPTo_z2Bw&oei=NTKETLKb OISesQPTo_z2Bw&esq=1&page=1&ndsp=37&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0 http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.lindsayheller.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/cigar_smoking_old- ladies_0.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.lindsayheller.com/%3Fpaged%3D11&usg=__FkMm0dRST9c9tJNK7B_LT22sqOE=&h=580&w=704&sz=70&hl=en&s tart=0&zoom=1&tbnid=JbiB_M2_DPBkCM:&tbnh=110&tbnw=133&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dold%2Bpeople%2Bsmoking%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa% 3DN%26rlz%3D1T4ADRA_enUS376US377%26biw%3D1899%26bih%3D922%26tbs%3Disch:1&um=1&itbs=1&iact=rc&dur=324&ei=wzKETN_CJI6isQOv3 oD3Bw&oei=wzKETN_CJI6isQOv3oD3Bw&esq=1&page=1&ndsp=40&ved=1t:429,r:12,s:0&tx=124&ty=46

31. Correlation The measure of a relationship between two variables = This would be a positive correlation

32. Correlation Weight Gain Drinking Café Mochas from Dakotas everyday = This would be a negative correlation

33. Correlational Research Detects relationships between variables. Does NOT say that one variable causes another. There is a positive correlation between ice cream and murder rates. Does that mean that ice cream causes murder?

34. Why do we have Ethical Guidelines?

35. During WWII the Nazi’s conducted some very unethical studies. Many of their subjects died during theses experiments. What you need to know is: 1. These people were denied the principles in the Belmont Report including being asked to participate.

37. Willowbrook Due to overcrowding, children were denied entrance to the Willow brook State Mental Hospital unless parents enrolled their children into the less-crowded hepatitis ward. Geraldo Rivera did a story on the horrible conditions there. The children were not clothed and forced to eat in three minutes. It was horrible.

38. Tuskegee Syphilis Study: In 1932, the Public Health Service enrolled several hundred syphilitic black males to document the effects of the untreated disease over time. Tuskegee was chosen because approximately 40% of the male population of the town was infected with the disease. Treatment was withheld from study subjects when penicillin was accepted as the treatment for syphilis in 1943. This study was stopped in 1973 but not before many subjects became seriously ill, transmitted their disease to others or died. This study exemplifies unfair subject selection practices (syphilis can potentially affect all human beings and is not limited to African American males), denial of informed consent and excessive risk in relation to study benefits.

39. Milgram Study (1963): The Milgram study involved instructing subjects to administer electric shocks to a study confederate in response to poor performance. The subject believed that he/she was involved in a study about learning and memory with each shock intended to affect the learning process. The confederate pretended to be hurt by the shock - in some cases, to the point of losing consciousness; however, he/she did not really feel any shock. The study objective was to assess obedience to authority. This study resulted in significant psychological stress for some subjects including sweating, trembling, stuttering and serious seizures in three subjects. However, in a post- experimental interview, about half of the subjects expressed that they were glad to have participated in the experiment. The question of whether this study was ethical remains open to debate among scholars today.

40. The Monster Study http:// www.highestfive.com/mind/5-unethical-psych- experiments/ A Speech Experiment where Wendell Johnson rounded up some orphans and separated them into two groups. The first group received positive reinforcement all of the time. The second group was constantly critiqued. He wanted to see if they would start stuttering.

41. Stanford Experiment A group of men volunteered for a study and were given the roles of prisoners or guards. In a short time the guards took it upon themselves to start trouble with the prisoners and the experiment got out of hand. Lesson in “the Lucifer” Effect. How good guys turn bad.

42. Stanford: The Lucifer Effect When Good People Do Bad Things, Part 2 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H47hhWxlP5A

43. © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E Ethical Issues in Research Respecting the rights of human research participants involves: – Informed consent is an explanation of a study and the responsibilities of experimenter and participant – Deception involving the subjects must be justified – Confidentiality of study information must be maintained – Debriefing refers to explaining the research process to the subjects at the end of the study Animal research must be justified and must minimize discomfort to participants

44. Who has to approve ALL research??? IRB Institutional Review Board (IRB)

45. Statistics A branch of math that summarizes and makes meaningful inferences from the data. http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://pix.motivatedphotos.com/2009/8/26/633868570471027490- STATISTICS.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.motivatedphotos.com/%3Fid%3D34720&usg=__v2u198pP5mA5uxBs2v5cCmV4Szo=&h=600&w=800&sz=70&hl=en&start=70&zoom=1& tbnid=b5h6z3gr0US9OM:&tbnh=123&tbnw=163&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dstatistics%2Bfunny%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26rlz%3D1T4ADRA_enUS376US377%26biw%3D 1899%26bih%3D922%26tbs%3Disch:10%2C663&um=1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=1286&vpy=376&dur=2777&hovh=194&hovw=259&tx=140&ty=91&oei=QPuETPNJhNa1A7qDrPYH &esq=3&page=3&ndsp=34&ved=1t:429,r:19,s:70&biw=1899&bih=922

46. Normal Distribution

47.  Mode  the most frequently occurring score in a distribution  Mean  the arithmetic average of a distribution  obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores  Median  the middle score in a distribution  half the scores are above it and half are below it Statistics