1. Responses to Imperialism

2. Imperialism affected many peoples & nations around the world No single response encompasses the reaction of all peoples or nations affected Responses to imperialism varied depending on ◦ The colonizer ◦ The colonized Historians have asked; ◦ Did the colonized resist? ◦ Did they adapt & become like the colonizer? ◦ How did the colonized change b/c of the experience?

3. Responses to Imperialism: Japan Japan fell under the influence of the US in 1854 ◦ Under threat of force, US gained access to 2 ports Japans government was reformed & reorganized to resemble Western governments by 1868 ◦ Emperor became head-of-state ◦ Government was centralized ◦ Imperial army & navy replaced traditional samurai ◦ Government positions were held by educated officials ◦ Education became compulsory for all children ◦ Authoritarian Constitution was implemented These reforms united the Japanese & led them towards becoming an international power

4. Responses to Imperialism: Japan  Japan’s response regarded as successful ◦ Integrated Western components & improved its status ◦ Used military power to help elevate its economic situation Eventually became richest nation in the East Also adopted unattractive western features Japan became militaristic ◦ Defeating China in 1894 & Korea in 1910 Imposed restrictive laws on conquered peoples Exploited Korea for its rice and minerals Other nations were inspired by Japan’s success

5. Responses to Imperialism: Japan

6. Responses to Imperialism: China China adopted several imperialism components ◦ Established new trading companies ◦ Created a small number of elite schools ◦ Small groups helped administer local governments 1900 - Chinese began to resent Western influences ◦ Militant martial-arts experts murdered missionaries, Western government representatives, and the converted Chinese ◦ Most famous group, “Righteous and Harmonious Fists” West called it the Boxer Uprising ◦ Since both British & German representatives were killed a joint military force was sent to defeat the Boxers ◦ They succeeded but it also increased anti-Western sentiment

7. Responses to Imperialism: China Chinese government became increasingly powerless Republican gov’t replaced Emperor Pu Yi in 1911 ◦ New gov’t was divided into various factions ◦ Allowed West to continue trading & exploiting Chinese B/w 1911 & 1949 China went through various revolutions, rebellions, a civil war, & foreign invasions ◦ All at a great cost of life for the Chinese people China continued to be dominated by the West until 1949 - communist revolution takes control ◦ All Westerners were thrown out of China ◦ China adopted an isolationist system

8. Responses to Imperialism: India The Raj (Hindu word for “rule”) began after Britain put down the Indian Mutiny of 1857 ◦ British military officers, civil administrators, court officers, teachers, & missionaries were sent to consolidate the Raj ◦ Select Indians would be taught Western ideals & then carry out their daily administration to govern the region British officials lived a good life in India ◦ Large homes w/ servants ◦ Socialized at exclusive (British only) clubs & sporting events Educated Indians also lived a privileged life Average Indian lived in primitive conditions

9. Responses to Imperialism: India Nationalist movements developed Indian National Congress formed in 1885 ◦ Organization had a Hindu basis ◦ Gently criticized British rule at first ◦ Eventually fully supported independence Religious divisions impeded nationalist causes Indian Muslim League formed in 1906 ◦ Previously Muslims had not participated in the cause ◦ Sought reforms that would benefit Muslim population Sikhs were also prevalent & a majority in many parts of India ◦ Did not feel comfortable joining either organization India would not gain independence until 1947 (still divided though; India was Hindu & Pakistan was Muslim)

10. Responses to Imperialism: India http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m VwCeGxTN-A http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m VwCeGxTN-A Gandhi’s influence (movie trailer)

11. Responses to Imperialism: Africa Vastness of Africa makes generalizing responses hard – following are some key responses Religious Conversion ◦ Islam had a firm control of the northern regions ◦ South of the Sahara Christianity took over in 20yrs ◦ Catholics, Presbyterians, Anglicans spread throughout south Support of Local Elites ◦ Used local leaders to install Western ideas ◦ Deposed of local leaders if they would not cooperate Development of Cash Exports ◦ Removed barter systems for cash exports

12. Responses to Imperialism: Ottoman Empire Empire was declining so, nations took advantage France & Britain targeted control over Egypt ◦ France built the Suez Canal (1869) as a shipping shortcut from Europe to Asia ◦ Britain would capture the canal and Egypt ◦ Used Egypt for cotton to fill shortages created by the US Civil War (1861-65) ◦ Britain defeated a rebellion in 1881, established a military base, & installed a new ruler

13. Responses to Imperialism: Ottoman Empire Sultan Abdul Hamid II attempted to reform the empire in 1876 ◦ Est. a centralized government & common language ◦ Agreed to a written constitution & elected parliament ◦ Balkan rebellion hwr, distracted Hamid from this task Young Turks stage a revolution in 1908 ◦ Hamid II is removed from power in 1909 ◦ Turkey adopts Western reforms including bureaucratic & centralized government, public education, support for industry

14. Responses to Imperialism: Mexico Porfirio Diaz - president of Mexico (1876-80 & 1884-1911) ◦ Attempted to reform Mexico b/c he feared further conquest by the United States Education: system attempted to build a local elite that could expand the economy & run government efficiently Economy: opened resources to foreign investment ◦ Money poured in from the US & Europe ◦ Problem was Mexico did not produce manufactured goods Ownership: created large land holdings b/c he believed it would be more efficient All in All, conditions for the average Mexican did not improve - for many they became worse 1910 Mexican revolution occurs & Diaz gov’t is replaced