2. ENVIRONMENT -IMMIDIATE SURROUNDINGS IN WHICH MAN LIVES. - IT HAS LIVING & NON LIVING THINGS THAT SUPPORT LIFE & SUSTAIN VARIOUS HUMAN ACIVITIES - COVERS ALL PHYSICAL,CHEMICAL,BIOLOGICAL & SOCIAL PROCESSES WHICH PRODUCES SOLID EFFECT ON HUMAN BEINGS. - HUMAN BEING ALSO AFFECTS QUALITY OF ENVIRONMENT - IT IS RELATED WITH ECOLOGY. -

3. ENVIRONMENT HAVE FOLLOWING FOUR SEGMENTS. - 1. LITHO SPHERE ( HARD SURFACE OF THE EARTH) - 2. HYDROSHPERE ( WATER ON EARTH’S SURFACE) - 3. ATMOSPHERE (AIR SURROUNDINGS THE EARTH ) - 4. BIOSPHERE ( COMPOSED OF ALL LIVING ORGANISM )

4. ATMOSPHERE  N2 – 78.1, O2 – 20.9, TRACE GASES – 1  LAYERS OF ATMOSPHERE. - TROPOSPHERE – LOWEST LAYER OF ATMOS. IN WHICH LIVING ORGANISMS OPERATE. EXTENDS FROM THE EARTH’S SURFACE TO AN AVERAGE OF 12 KM. TROPOSPHERE ENDS AT A POINT WHERE TEMP. NOT LARGLY VARIES WITH HEIGHT ENOUGH O2 IS AVAILABLE FOR SURVIVAL.

5. STRATOSPHERE  THIS REGION BEGINS AT A HEIGHT OF 12 KMS UPTO 50 KMs. -IN LOWER REGION TEMP. IS -57 CENTI -THEN INCREASE IT WITH HEIGHT BECOS OF INCREASE IN OZONE. -IT FORMS AN UMBRELLA CALLED AN OZONE UMBRELLA.

6. CONT.  IT ABSORBS THE U V RADIATION  FROM THE SUN  IT SERVES AS A BLANKET IN REDUCING THE COOLING RATE OF EARTH.  SO EQULBRIUM BETWEEN OZONE AND REST OF THE AIR IS IMP. FACTOR OF THE ENVIRONMENT.

7. MESOSPHERE  IT EXTENDS TO 85 KMs OF HEIGHT.  THE TEMP. FALLS TO -95 DEG. CENTI.

8. THERMOSPHERE  IT BEGINS AT A HEIGHT OF 86 KM. AND EXTENDS UPTO 500 KMs. THE TEMP. IS MORE THAN MESOSPHERE.

9. ECOLOGY  THE WORD IS DERIVED FROM TWO GREAK WORDS OIKOS & LOGOS OIKOS means HOUSE/PLACE OF LIVING LOGOS means STUDY ECOLOGY means STUDY of LIVING ORGANISMS AT HOUSE.MEANS

10. Cont.  IT IS A STUDY OF ORGANISMS in RELATION TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT

11. ECOSYSTEM  IT IS A NATURAL FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGICAL UNIT HAVING LIVING ORGANISMS & THEIR NON LIVING ENVIRONMENT THAT INTERECT TO FORM A STABLE SELF SUPPORTING SYSTEM.  POND,LAKE,DESERT,GRASS LAND, FOREST ARE EXAMPLE.

12. ECOSYSTEM FIG  Abiotic component biotic compo. climatic edophic producer rain soil consumer light minarals decomposers wind topography Temp.

13. Basic nutrition link in an Ecosys.  GRASS  RABBIT FOX WOLF TIGER  DEATH  INORGANIC DECOMPOSERS SUBSTANCES

14. EACH ECO SYS HAS TWO COMPONENT  ABIOTIC : INCLUDES RAIN,TEMP.,LIGHT,WIND,HUMIDITY.  BIOTIC : INCLUDES PLANTS, ANIMALS,MICRO ORGANISM.  ON THE BASIS OF THEIR ROLE IN A ECOSYS. THE BIOTIC ARE CLSSIFIED AS

15. PRODUCERS  WITH SOLAR ENERGY PLANTS PRODUCES CARBOHYDRATES USING WASTE & CO2.  THE PROCESS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS  PLANTS PRODUCE OWN FOOD SO THEY ARE KNOWN AS AUTOTROPHOS.

16. CONSUMERS  ANIMALS ALL UNABLE TO PRODUCE THEIR OWN FOOD.  THEY DEPENDS ON PRODUCERS.  SO THEY ALL KNOWN AS CONSUMERS

17. REDUCER  BACTERIA & FUNGI BELONGS TO THIS CLASS.  THEY DECOMPOSES THE DEAD ORGANIC MATERIALS OF  PRODUCER & CONSUMERS FOR THEIR FOOD.  THEY REALSE SIMPLE INORGANIC & ORGANIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIROMENT.

18. CYCLE  THESE SIMPLE SUBSTANCES ARE REUSED BY  PRODUCERS RESULTING IN A CYCLIC EXCHANGE OF MATERIALS BETWEEN BIOTIC & ABIOTIC.

19. GLOBAL ENIVIRONMENT PROBLEMS & SOLUTIONS  GLOBAL WARMING & GREEN HOUSE EFFECT :- THE TEMP. OF EARTH’s SURFACE IS THE ENERGY BALANCE BETWEEN THE HEAT REACHING THE EARTH & RADIATED BACK INTO SPACE. - DUE TO HEAVY USE OF FUEL RESULTED IN RISE IN CONCENTRATION OF GREEN HOUSE GASE LIKE CO2,CH4,OZON &WATER VAPOUR.

20. CONT.  THESE GREEN HOUSE GASES IN LOWER LEVEL OF ATMOSPHERE ACT LIKE THE GLASS OF GREEN HOUSE.  THEY ARE TRANSPARENT TO THE NEAR INFRARED RAYS (SHORT WAVE LEN.) BUT ARE OPAQUE TO THE HEAT RADIATED BY THE HEATED EARTH ( LONGER WAVE LEN.) & TRAP THEM.

21. CONT.  NOT ALLOW SOLAR RAYS TO ESCAPE INTO OUTER SPACE SO GREEN HOUSE GASES ADD TO THE HEAT THAT IS ALREADY PRESENT ON TO THE Earth's SURFACE.  THIS RESULT IN AN INCREASE IN TEMP. AND IS KNOWN AS G R E E N H O U S E E F F E C T. ON GLOBAL SCALE THIS EFFECT IS KNOWN AS G L O B A L W A R M I N G

22. GREEN HOUSE EFFECT  MELTING OF THE ICE MASSES IN THE ARCTIC AND ANTRARCTICA REGIONS, RISING OF THE SEA LEVEL.  SUBMERGE OF MANY LOW LEVEL COASTAL AREAS.  FLOODING OF THE COASTAL AREAS WILL CAUSE MASSIVE SOIL EROSION AND SILTATION ALSO WATER BORN DEASES.

23. IN TEMP. REGIONS THE SUMMER WILL BE LONGER AND HOTTER,WINTER WILL BE SHORTER AND WARMER (INDIA)  DRY SUB TROPICAL REGION MAY BECOME DRIER AND THE TROPICAL REGIONS MAY BECOME WATTER.  DUE TO CO2 NUTRITION OF SOIL DECRESES.  RAIN FALL DISTURBANCE OCUR

24. SOLUTIONS  DEPENDENCE OF FOSSIL FUEL NEED TO BE REDUCED.  ENCOURAGING THE USE OF NON- CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY LIKE SOLAR ENERGY,BIO GAS,WIND AND HYDRO POWER.  REFORESTATION SHOULD BE ENCOURAGED, REDUCE CO2 CONCENTRATION.

25. ACID RAIN  TAJ MAHAL,AGRA IS BEING ATTECKED BY ACID RAIN.  OTHER MONUMENTS IN DELHI,CALCUTTA,ORISA AURANGABAD ARE ALSO EFFECTED BY ACIDIC RAIN.

26. DEPLETION OF THE OZONE LAYER  A LAYER OF OZONE ABUT 20-25 KMs. IS PRESENT IN THE ATMOSPHERE IN VERY SMALL QUANTITIES.  THE HIGHEST CONCENTRATION IS BEING AT HIGH ALTITUDES,FORMED BY THE REACTION OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION AND PREVENTS THEM FROM REACHING THE SURFACE OF EARTH.

27. CONT.  THIS OZONE LAYER SERVES AS A SHIELD,PROTECTING THE LIFE ON THE EARTH FROM THE HARMFUL EFFECT OF THE ULTRAVIOLET RADIATIONS FOUND IN THE SUN’S RADIATION.

28. EFFECT OF DEPLETION  RISE INCASES OF SKIN CANCER.  REDUCE RESISTANCE POWER  EYE EFFECTED.  SHORTER LIFE OF PAINTS AND PLASTICS.  CROP DEMAGE.  DISTURBS AQUATIC LIFE.(SEA)

29. EFFECT of O3 ON HUMAN  CONCENTRATION EFFECT (PPM) 0.2 - NO ADVERSE EFFECT. 0.3 - NOSE AND THROAT ERRITATION. 1.0 TO 3.0 EXTREME FATIGUE AFTER 2 HRS. 9.0 – SEVERE EFFECT.

30.  ગુજરાતના કાથા વિસ્ત્તારોમાં દરિયો દર વરસે વધૂ ને વધૂ ભયાનક બની રહ્રો છે. - છેલ્લા 3 વરસ મા સુરત, નવસારી, વલસાડ અને દમણૅ નો દરિયો આગળ ધસી આવવાના બનાવો ખુબ જ વધ્યા છે. - આગાહી એવી છે કે 1956 જેવો દુકાળ પડશે. - વરસ 2007 મા અમેરીકાના ઘણા રાજ્યોમા તાપમાન 4 ડીગ્રી ફેરેન વધારે થયુ. - અમેરીકામા 1999 થી 2002 તીવ્ર દુકાળ પડેલો. ગ્લોબલ વોમિગ ની ભયાનકતા

31. વરસ 2006 મા દુનીયાના જંગલોમા 1 લાખ આગ ના કીસ્સા નોધાયા  2006 – અમેરીકા મા કેટરિના વાવાજોડુ.  એક અનુમાન મુજબ 21 મી સદીમા યુરોપનુ સરેરાશ તાપમાન 5 ડીગ્રી ફે. ઉચુ જસે જેથી ત્યા અનેક આફતો સરજાસે. Who ના અહેવાલ મુજબ ગ્લોબલ વોરમિગંના કારણે વીશ્વમા દર વરસે 50 લાખ જેટલી વધારે માંદગીઓ ફેલાય છે. - ગ્લોબલ વોરમિગંના કારણે ખેતી ઊપજ પર ખરાબ અસર થસે.

32. તા. 22/08/09 ના બનાવો  ફીલીપાઇંન્સની રાજધાની મનીલા મા ભારે વરસાદથી પુર.  ગ્રીસના એક ગામમા ભારે આગથી આખુ ગામ ખાલી કરાવાયુ અને એથેંસ સુધી આગ પોહચી. - કેનેડા ના અંતોરીયો ( ટોરેંટો ) મા ટોરનેડો વાવાજોડુ થી તારાજી.

33. તા. 23/8/09  મા. ગુણવંત શાહ ના લેખ મુજબ ગ્લોબલ વોર્મીગ અસર ઓછી કરવાનો એક ઉપાય  સાકાહારી બનો.  ( દી. ભા. રવિવાર પુર્તી )