1. General Genetic BIO 221 Lab 1 Identical daughter cells Mother cell

2. General Structure of Plant and Animal cells Cell definition: The basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms. Cells components:

3. The Cell Membrane Location: Surround all living cells and organelle. Function: -protect cell and Isolate the cytoplasm from the external environment - Regulate the exchange of substances - Communicate with other cells Composed of : 1- Phospholipids: bi-layer with embedded proteins. 2- glycoprotein: protein with attached carbohydrates 3- glyco-lipids: phospholipids with attached carbohydrates. The Cytoplasm Location: inside the cell membrane, surrounding the nuclear envelop and cytoplasmic organelles. Make up: proteins, vitamins, ions, nucleic acids, amino acids, sugars, carbohydrates, and fatty acids. Kinds of organelles: Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, Ribosomes, Vacuoles, Lysosomes, Cytoskeleton ( filament responsiple for the movement and give the cell shape), Chloroplast in the plants cells, and centrosome( compose of two centriols w

4. The Nucleus Contains: 1- Nucleus envelope 2- Nucleolus( produce ribosome for protein synthesis) 3- Nucleo- plasm 4- Genetic material ( DNA) - Chromatin ( Hetero- Eu) - Chromosome( in cell division)

5. The Chromosome

6. Chromosome Morphology Types of Chromosome Telocentric: centromere at the very tip of the end Acrocentric: centromere near to the end Submetacentric: halfway between middle and tip Metacentric: centromere near to the middle

7. Numbers of Chromosome 46 chromosomes in Female 46 chromosomes in Male - Diploid number of Chromosome( 23 pairs in somatic cells) - Haploid number ( 23 chromosome in sex cells)

8. http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/traits/karyotype/ Human Karyotype Activity

9. Homologous Chromosome In diploid (2n) organisms, the genome is composed of homologous chromosomes. One chromosome of each homologous pair comes from the mother (called a maternal chromosome) and one comes from the father (paternal chromosome).

10. The Cell Divisions Functions of Cell Division Reproduction. Growth and development Tissue renewal. Two kinds of division 1- Mitosis 2- Meiosis Mitosis definition: a type of cell division that results in two daughters cells, each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth.

11. The Cell Cycle The cell cycle consists of –Interphase – normal cell activity –The mitotic phase – cell division

12. Divided into 4 stages of Mitosis: - Prophase - Metaphase - Anaphase - Telophase + - Cytokinesis The Mitotic division

13. 1 Prophase. The chromatin is condensing. The nucleolus is beginning to disappear. the mitotic spindle is staring to from. Late prophase We now see chromosomes; each consists of two identical sister chromatids. Later in prometaphase, the nuclear envelop will fragment. Metaphase. The spindle is completed, and the chromosomes, attached to spindle fibers, are all at the metaphase plate. Telophase. Daughter nuclei are forming. Meanwhile, cytokinesis has started: The cell plate, which will divided the cytoplasm in two, is growing toward the perimeter of the parent cell. 23 4 5 Nucleus Nucleolus Chromosome Chromatine condensing Mitosis in a plant cell Anaphase: Centromeres divide Spindle fibers contract Result = sister chromatids are pulled away from one another towards the poles

14. Animal cells: Cleavage of cell into two halves. Plant cells: Cell plate Cytokinesis Animal Plant

15. http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/genetics/vgec/schoolscolleges/topics/cellcycle-mitosis-meiosis and centriole moves to form each pole Cleavage ( in animal cells ) or cell plate ( in plant cells ) Summary of Mitosis