1. Nazi Domestic Policy – How Hitler maintained control in Germany

2. O = Opposition Y = Youth J = Jobs E = Economy W = Women
Memory Word = OY JEW
O = Opposition
Y = Youth
J = Jobs
E = Economy
W = Women

3. PERFECT OPPORTUNITY 28th February 1933
Opposition
30th January 1933 Hitler was Chancellor;
He was in a position to increase his power EVEN MORE.
PERFECT OPPORTUNITY 28th February 1933
Reichstag Fire enabled Hitler to scare-monger and convince Hindenburg it was a Communist plot against the country!!! – Emergency Decree was passed.
23rd March 1933 ENABLING ACT
Hitler could pass laws INDEPENDENTLY of the Reichstag for 4 years.
14th July 1933
The Law against the Formation of Parties – declared the Nazi Party the ONLY POLITICAL PARTY in Germany.
ALL other political parties were BANNED and their leaders put in prison.
The Law against the Formation of Parties (14 July 1933) declared the Nazi Party the only political party in Germany.   It was an offence to belong to another Party.   All other parties were banned, and their leaders were put in prison.    Nazi Party members, however, got the best jobs, better houses and special privileges.   Many businessmen joined the Nazi Party purely to get orders. 

4. Opposition
Using the powers granted to him after the Reichstag Fire, Hitler BANNED his greatest rivals – the COMMUNIST PARTY;
He had their 81 officials arrested and jailed;
All other political parties were banned or dissolved themselves;
LEGALLY no-one could challenge the Nazis, some chose to flee abroad to do so.

5. One People
One Nation
One Leader

6. Opposition “People were too afraid to stand up to the Nazis”
Political prisoners could be held indefinitely in “protective custody”
“People were too afraid to stand up to the Nazis”
“Speak through a flower”
Estimated 1.2 million Germans passed through concentration camps.
Nazi Storm Trooper – “Everyone is arresting everyone else. Everyone is threatening everyone else with Dachau…”
In April 1934, Hermann Goering, under pressure from Heinrich Himmler and Wilhelm Frick, agreed to hand over control of the Gestapo to the Schutzstaffel (SS). In 1936 Himmler placed the Gestapo under the command of Reinhard Heydrich with Heinrich Muller becoming the chief of operations.
During the Second World War there were 45,000 members of the Gestapo. However, it is estimated they also employed 160,000 agents and informers.
Opponents of the regime would generally spend 1 brutal year in a concentration camp and be released.

7. TERROR Opposition GESTAPO
In 1934 the Gestapo was brought under control of the SS and HIMMLER.
Gestapo had around 40,000 members but it has been estimated that there may have been around 160,000 agents and informers.

8. The Cult of the Fuhrer
Blomberg, the Minister of Defence used to say the a kind word from the Fuhrer would bring “tears to his eyes” and that a handshake from him could cure him of colds.

9. GESTAPO The Nazis took over local government and the police.
The Nazis started to replace anti-Nazi teachers and University professors.  
Hitler set up the Gestapo (the secret police) and encouraged Germans to report opponents and 'grumblers'.  
Tens of thousands of Jews, Communists, Protestants, Jehovah's Witnesses, gypsies, homosexuals, alcoholics and prostitutes were arrested and sent to concentration camps for 'crimes' as small as writing anti-Nazi graffiti, possessing a banned book, or saying that business was bad.

10. The Nazi's used 'fear and horror' against anyone who disapproved of their regime:
Hitler banned all Trade Unions on 2 May 1933.   Their offices were closed, their money confiscated, and their leaders put in prison. 
Communists were put into concentration camps or killed.
Many Protestant pastors such as Dietrich Bonhoffer were persecuted and executed.
Each block of flats had a 'staircase ruler' who reported grumblers to the police - they were arrested and either murdered, or sent to concentration camps.
Children were encouraged to report their parents to the Gestapo if they criticized Hitler or the Nazi party.

11. The Gestapo (German pronunciation:  ; abbreviation of Geheime Staatspolizei, "Secret State Police

12. The law stated that “as long as they were carrying out the will of the Party, they were acting legally”.

13. Hitler could not have ensured control of his opponents and potential opponents with fear of arrest alone.
It was the treatment following arrest that persuaded many to swallow their morals and accept Nazi rule...
A typical arrest...
Those arrested by either the police or the Gestapo had less than three minutes to pack clothing and say their goodbyes. Once arrested, they were sent to the nearest police cell. Those in custody were told to sign Form D-11; this was an "Order For Protective Custody". By signing this, you agreed to go to prison. Those who did not sign it were beaten until they did or officers simply forged their signature. Once a D-11 was signed, you were sent to a concentration camp. How long you stayed here depended on the authorities. The usual rule of thumb was whether it was felt that you had learned your lesson (even if there had not been one to learn) and would behave in an acceptable manner once outside of prison.

14. http://www. nationalarchives. gov

19. Nazi reaction was typically brutal, public hangings and beheading.
OPPOSITION...
IMPORTANT NOTE...
There were SOME individuals and groups that stood up to the Nazis.
ETERNAL WAR ON THE HITLER YOUTH. Methods included anti-Nazi graffiti, beating up Hitler Youth, listening to foreign music.
Edelweiss Pirates
The “White Rose” led by Sophie Scholl and her brother, operated out of Munich University – methods included handing out leaflets urging resistance to the Nazis.
Nazi reaction was typically brutal, public hangings and beheading.

20. NAME: Sophia Magdalena Scholl
DOB: 9 May 1921
DIED: 22 February 1943
AGE OF DEATH: 21
CRIME: Handing out anti-Nazi leaflets at Munich University
PUNISHMENT: Beheaded by guillotine.

21. 'When an opponent declares, 'I will not come over to your side', I calmly say, 'Your child belongs to us already'.  

22. A NAZI EDUCATION
The Nazis replaced anti-Nazi teachers and University professors;
School lessons included hidden indoctrination e.g. requiring children to calculate how much mentally disabled people cost the state, or to criticize the racial features of Jewish people;
German boys were required to attend the Hitler Youth, which mixed exciting activities, war-games and Nazi indoctrination;
German girls went to the BDM and learned how to be good mothers, and to love Hitler.
Click pic for Disney Anti-Nazi Education video

23. All teachers were examined by Nazis;
Any teacher considered disloyal was sacked.
Many attended classes during school holidays in which the Nazi curriculum was spelled out;
97% of all teachers joined the Nazi Teachers' Association;
All teachers had to be careful about what they said as children were encouraged to inform the authorities if a teacher said something that did not fit in with the Nazi's curriculum for schools. 

24. Subjects underwent a major change in schools
Subjects underwent a major change in schools. Some of the most affected were History and Biology. 
History was based on the glory of Germany - a nationalistic approach was compulsory;
The German defeat in 1918 was explained as the work of Jewish and Marxist spies who had weakened the system from within;
The Treaty of Versailles was the work of nations jealous of Germany's might and power;
Hyperinflation of 1923 was the work of Jewish saboteurs;
The national resurgence which started was all the work of Hitler.

25. 1933 its membership stood at 100,000;
HITLER YOUTH
1933 its membership stood at 100,000;
After Hitler came to power,  all other youth movements were abolished and as a result the Hitler Youth grew quickly.
1936, the figure stood at 4 million members;
1936, it became all but compulsory to join the Hitler Youth.
Click pic for Hitler Youth flick

26. HITLER YOUTH FOR GIRLS
The Bund Deutscher Mädel (BDM) taught young girls of their future roles in society: to mother more Germans;
They emphasized values of obedience, self-control, and discipline.
They taught women how to be “good” Nazi wives and mothers and how to raise children that will also embody these ideals.

27. Jobs The Nazi ‘Economic Miracle’
When Hitler took power in 1933 unemployment stood at 6million; almost half the total German workforce;
The Nazi propaganda machine under Goebbels led Germany and the world to believe that Hitler had accomplished an unparalleled miracle of economic recovery…
Unemployment in Germany
Total
January 1933
6 million
January 1934
3.3 million
January 1935
2.9 million
January 1936
2.5 million
January 1937
1.8 million
January 1938
1.0 million
January 1939
302,000

28. The Nazi ‘Economic Miracle’
Jobs
The Nazi ‘Economic Miracle’
After the 1935 Nuremburg Laws, Jews lost their citizenship and were not included in the statistics. EVEN THOUGH many lost their jobs when Hitler came to power.
Women were not included in the statistics. So any women unemployed during Nazi rule did not exist as far as the statistics were concerned.
The unemployed were given a simple choice – do any work the government gave to you OR be classed as workshy and put in a concentration camp
All was not as it seemed…

29. BUT THERE CAN BE NO DOUBT THAT JOBS WERE CREATED…!!!
Getting unemployment figures to be so low was viewed by many as a Nazi book-keeping trick…
Conscription was brought in 1935 – many young men were taken off unemployment statistics when they did their time in the army…
By 1939 the army was 1.4 million in size…many factories were built and weapons made which reduced unemployment figure even more…
Unemployment could not have failed to fall with such measures in place…BUT people were too scared to speak out…
BUT THERE CAN BE NO DOUBT THAT JOBS WERE CREATED…!!!

30. Economy Robert Ley, PROFILE
Hitler banned all Trade Unions on 2 May 1933.  
Their offices were closed, their money confiscated, and their leaders put in prison.  
Economy
Robert Ley, PROFILE
WWI Pilot who spent 2 years as a prisoner of war after being shot down in France;
Chemist after WWI but sacked because of a serious drink problem;
Joined the NSDAP in 1925;
1933 was given the task of forming the GERMAN LABOUR FRONT which replaced the outlawed Trade Unions;
He confiscated union funds to pay for the “Strength Through Joy” programme;
Charged with war crimes he hanged himself in his cell 25th October 1945.

31. The New Plan, 1934-6 Dr Hjalmar Schacht President of Reichsbank
Minister of the Economy
Imports limited
Trade agreements
Unemployment reduced
Mefo bills

32. Four-Year Plan, 1936-9 Hermann Goering WWI fighter pilot
Head of German airforce (Luftwaffe)
Self-sufficiency
Synthetic raw materials (ersatz)
Reduce imports
Tighten control on wages

33. The War Years
The economy was set up to fight a short (blitzkrieg) war.
Albert Speer was put in charge of the economy in 1942.
Germany was running out of resources.

34. Arbeitsfront Flag Set up to ‘protect’ those in work;
Contracts drawn up under the Weimar Republic were ripped up and rewritten;
Employers could demand more of their workers…
…but workers enjoyed increased security at work and benefits;
Membership was voluntary in theory, but anyone not a member would struggle to find a job without being a member.
Arbeitsfront
(German Labour Front)
Flag
In a bid for full employment government spending rose, 1932–38 from about 5 billion to 30 billion marks.
Autarky; rearmament was slowly pushing Germany to bankruptcy – reason Hitler went to war? British offered loan to Germany, Hitler = no.

35. The GLF increased the number of hours worked from 60 to 72 per week (including overtime) by 1939.
Strikes were outlawed.
The average factory worker was earning 10 times more than those on dole money and few complained…
…though, as always, to do would put you at risk.

36. …to be self-sufficient
Autarky
…to be self-sufficient
- In WWI Germany was crippled by the British Naval Blockade;
-Hitler was determined that this would not happen again…
Autarky means economic self sufficiency. This means that a country produces enough goods of its own so that it doesn’t have to import goods (especially raw materials – coal, oil, iron ore) from other countries. Hitler wanted to achieve autarky so that if war came Germany would not be dependent on imports.

37. The New Plan of 1934 stopped imports and subsidised industry;
Production rose, especially of oil, steel, coal and explosives.
In 1936, Goering was put in charge. His Four Year Plan proposed to get the army and industry ready for war in four years.
Employers were happy when workers were well disciplined.
BUT businesses were strictly controlled; they could be told to make something different/ were not allowed to raise wages/ workers could be sent to other factories.
Goering said: ‘Iron makes an empire strong; butter only makes people fat’.

38. Kraft durch Freude (KDF)
Strength Through Joy
Kraft durch Freude (KDF)
A large, state controlled leisure organisation in Nazi Germany
Wages were decided by the GERMAN LABOUR FRONT;
Compulsory deductions were made for tax and for the Strength Through Joy Programme;
Aimed to provide affordable concerts, plays, libraries, day-trips, holidays to the masses;
Aimed to make middle-class activities affordable to the masses.
In 1938 an estimated 180,000 people went on cruises to places such as Maderia and the Norweigian fjords;
Others were given free holidays in Germany;
By 1934, over two million Germans had participated on a KdF trip;
by 1939 the reported numbers lay around 25 million people.

39. Strength Through Joy Sports Stadiums were built
The Volkswagon (KDF Wagon / People’s Car) was subsidised by the programme)
Holiday complexes were built (e.g. Prora)
Cruise Liners were built to take people to Maderia & Norwegian Fjords

40. Jobs / Economy, What life was like under the Nazis
For ordinary people, life was good:
full employment (work programmes/ Strength through Joy) gave prosperity and financial security - many observers stated that there seemed to be no poverty in Germany,
law and order (few people locked their doors),
autobahns improved transport,
frequent ceremonies, rallies, colour and excitement,
Nazi propaganda gave people hope,
Nazi racial philosophy gave people self-belief
Trust in Adolf Hitler gave a sense of security (one German woman told the American reporter Nora Wall: 'He is my mother and my father.   He keeps me safe from all harm.')

41. There were few drawbacks:
Wages fell, and strikers could be shot - the Nazis worked closely with the businessmen to make sure that the workforce were as controlled as possible.
Loss of personal freedoms (eg freedom of speech).
All culture had to be German - eg music had to be Beethoven or Wagner or German folk songs - or Nazi - eg all actors had to be members of the Nazi party/ only books by approved authors could be read.