1. Protein structure and function Black print – notes Red print – syllabus content

2. Amino Acids There are 20 different amino acids in the body eg. Phenylalanine, asparagine, glutamic acid Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains Amino Acids Peptide bonds This is polypeptide chain. The protein is not yet completed Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds to form polypeptides. These represent amino acids

3. Proteins are held in a three dimensional shape by peptide bonds, hydrogen bonds, interactions between individual amino acids. Polypeptide chains fold to form the three dimensional shape of the protein. Proteins have a large variety of structures and shapes resulting in a wide range of functions. The amino acid sequence is the primary structure of the protein. Hydrogen bonds form between certain amino acids twisting the polypeptide into a helix or a pleated sheet. Peptide bonds, hydrogen bonds and other types of bonds and interactions between amino acids give the protein a three dimensional shape: Different polypeptide chains are joined and folded to give the final shape of the protein molecule. Protein molecules may be rope shaped (fibrous proteins) or globe shaped (globular proteins)

4. Summary of protein structure

5. Fibrous protein Body tissue where protein found Collagen Bone ActinMuscle Myosin Muscles Keratin Hair, nails Elastin Lining of Arteries Fibrous Proteins Table for illustration not for memorising

6. Globular Proteins Globular ProteinUse of globular protein EnzymesBiological catalysts. Each folded in a way to expose an active surface to combine with a specific substrate HormonesChemical messengers made by an endocrine gland. Transported to target tissue in blood to exert specific effect such as a regulatory effect on growth or metabolism Antibodies Made by white blood cells called lymphocytes and defend the body against antigens Transport proteins Responsible for transporting substances from one part of the body to another eg transferrin binds with iron entering bloodstream from the gut or released during the destruction of red blood cells and transports it to the bone marrow for re-use Structural proteinsForms essential part of all membranes possessed by structures within the cell such as the nucleus. So plays a vital structural role in every living cell Table for illustration not for memorising

7. Conjugated Protein Use GlycoproteinComposed of protein and carbohydrate, eg mucus, a slimy, viscous substance secreted by epithelial cells to lubricate or protect parts of the body LipoproteinComplex molecule consisting of protein and lipid. Products of fat digestion absorbed from the small intestine are coated with lipoprotein before being transported around the body. HaemoglobinThe oxygen transporting pigment in the blood. Is a conjugated protein consisting of the globular protein globin associated with haem, a non-protein part containing iron. Conjugated Proteins A conjugated protein consists of a globular protein associated with a non-protein chemical. Table for illustration not for memorising