1. Opening Questions 1.What is the first thing that comes to you mind when you hear the words: Muscle Blood Exercise

2. Learning Outcomes 1. Summarize the categories of Proteins 2. Provide examples of their biological functions

3. PROTEINS An organic molecule because it contains CARBON attached to a hydrogen They are long strands so they are considered POLYMERS

4. Structure of a PROTEIN Proteins are long strands (polymers) of AMINO ACIDS Amino Acids contain TWO function groups (chemical uniqueness attached to the carbon skeleton. (represent by letter R)

5. Amino Acids have one CARBOXYL (COOH) function group attached to its carbon skeleton The carboxyl group makes it ACIDIC

6. They also have an AMINO (NH2) functional group attached to its carbon skeleton. This is why we call them AMINO ACIDS

7. The bonds that attach them to the carbon skeleton are covalent bonds known as PEPTIDE BONDS Many peptide bonds are called POLYPEPTIDE bonds

8. Scientists have discovered 50 different amino acids. Living things only 20 of these to make proteins for use in their bodies and cells. 8 are considered essential The other 12 are non-essential we can make in our bodies.

10. Amino Acid SIDE GROUPS Side groups make each amino acid unique. There are three groups IONIC POLAR NON-POLAR

11. 2 Main Shapes of a Protein The shape of a protein is important to its function Fibrous Proteins Have a rod shape Found in our hair, skin, ligaments, bones, fingernails and other connective tissue

13. Globular Proteins Have a round or irregular shape Hemoglobin in our blood Enzymes

15. Proteins can be very small with only 100 amino acids Or they can be very large with more than 33,000 amino acids. The reason larger proteins can fit into our bodies is because they twist and fold on itself to fit in the body

16. Functions of Proteins 1. Support Ex Collagen in skin Human Growth Hormone 2. Metabolism Ex Amylase in saliva 3. Regulation Ex. Hormones such as Insulin

17. 4. Transportation Ex Hemoglobin in Blood 5. Defense Ex. Antibodies in our white blood cells 6. Motion Ex. Actin found in muscles for contraction

18. Wrap It Up

19. 1. Proteins are ORGANIC because they contain CARBON attached to a hydrogen 2. When amino acids bond together they are held by peptide bonds

20. 3. When they bond together they form long chains of amino acids called polypeptides 4. Polypeptides form Proteins… 5. Hence proteins are long chains of amino acids

21. Monomers/Building blocks: Amino acids Elements: C, H, O and N Functions: support, transportation, regulation, metabolism, defense, motion Examples: Hemoglobin, Insulin, Human Growth Hormone (HGH)