1. Protists I & II
Lab 4
BIOL 171
Use Protists in a “qualitative sense” because it refers to many organisms that span clades.

2. Remember!: Classification System

4. We’ll be looking at all of these!
 Saving for next week?
We’ll be looking at all of these!
Protists are everywhere in Eukarya!
“the junk drawer of the eukaryotes”
Ancestral
Eukaryote

5. We’ll be looking at all of these!
Protists are everywhere in Eukarya!
“the junk drawer of the eukaryotes”
Ancestral
Eukaryote
Only Land Plants, Fungi, and Animals are not protists.
Alveolates, Strameopiles, Amebozoans, Opisthokonts – “proposed clades”
Lesser groups (diplomoands) are Phyla
Entire groupds (excavata) are Supergroups

6. 6 Kingdoms Plants (Plantae) Animals (Animalia) Fungi (Fungi)
Eubacteria
Archaeabacteria
Protista
These are considered
“qualitative” terms—
not correct science
terminlogy.

8. A constantly changing system…
Linnaeus[5] (1735) 2 kingdoms
Haeckel[6] (1866) 3 kingdoms
Chatton[7] (1925) 2 groups
Copeland[8] (1938) 4 kingdoms
Whittaker[2] (1969) 5 kingdoms
Woese [9][10] (1977,1990) 3 domains
Animalia
Eukaryote
Eukarya
Vegetabilia
Plantae
Protoctista
Fungi
Protista
(not treated)
Prokaryote
Monera
Archaea
Bacteria

9. Lab Study A: Alveolates
Dinoflagellates: mixed dinoflagellates (live & wet mount), and Peridinium (wet mount) not in manual Apicomplexans: Trypanosoma – prepared slides Ciliate: Paramecium caudatum – (wet mount) in manual

10. Dinoflaggelates

11. Trypanosoma and red blood cells

12. Paramecium structures

14. Lab Study B: Stramenopiles
Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) – make wet mount Also observe diatomaceous earth (the cell wall deposits from diatoms) – make wet mount and look at prepared slides

15. Diatom diversity

16. Diatom cell wall made of silica

17. Stramenopile flagella

18. Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)
Living: Ectocarpus and Sphacelaria Preserved: Fucus and Laminaria

19. Lab Study C: Rhizaria (different title from manual)
Foraminiferans - prepared slides
Radiolarians – prepared slides

20. Foraminiferans (forams) - prepared slides

21. Radiolarians - prepared slides

22. Think about… Morphological characteristics Ecology of the organism
How does the organism get around?
What role do they play in the ecosystem?
Do they have any economic value?
Where do they live?
Don’t know the answer?? It’s probably a great research question! Ask me about it.

23. Laboratory 4 (still) BIOL 171
Protists 2
Laboratory 4 (still)
BIOL 171

25. What is red algae? Eukaryotic Photosynthetic NOT plants
Most are aquatic

26. Lab Study D: Red Algae (Rhodophyta)
Simplest is single celled, but most have a macroscopic, multicellular body form
Autotrophic (photosynthetic)– manufactures its own organic nutrients from inorganic carbon sources
Contain chlorophyll a and accessory pigments phycocyanin and phycoerythrin
Not all are red! Many green, black, even blue, depending on the depth in the ocean they grow

27. Living Specimens Porphyridium

28. Preserved specimens
Porphyra
coralline algae
Chondrus crispus

29. Porphyra life cycle both sexual and asexual – alternation of generations!

30. Coralline algae – “living rock”
Extremely important role in the ecology of coral reefs: sea urchins, fish, and mollusks eat them (herbivore enhancement).
Create microhabitats that protect invertebrates from predation.
Cell walls composed of calcium carbonate – this allows it to fossilize
Economic importance: soil conditioners, food additive for livestock, water filtration, medical vermifuge (stopped late in 18th century), preparation of dental bone implants

31. Economic Uses
Agar – polysaccharide extracted from the cell wall of red algae, used to grow bacteria and fungi
Carrageenan – extracted from red algae cell walls, used to give the texture of thickness and richness to foods such as dairy drinks and soups.
Porphyra (or nori) – seaweed wrappers for sushi, billion-dollar industry!

32. Lab Study E: Green Algae (Chlorophyta)
unicellular motile and non-motile, colonial, filamentous, and multicellular – GREAT DIVERSITY
Live primarily in freshwater
Share many characteristics with land plants
Storage of starch, presence of chlorophylls a and b, photosynthetic pathways, and organic compounds called flavonoids
Most botanists support the hypothesis that plants evolved from green algae

33. Living Specimens
Volvox
Chlamydomonas
Pediastrum
Closterium
Pandorina

34. Volvox
Daughter colonies

35. Preserved Specimens
Ulva
Chara

36. Body Form Characteristics
Table 4: Representative Green Algae (pg. 72)
Name
Body Form
Characteristics
Spirogyra
Filamentous
Ulva
Leaf like
Chara
Branched
Chlamydomonas
Unicellular flagellate
Pandorina
Aggregate
Volvox
Colony (flagellate)
Pediastrum
Non-motile colony
Closterium
Non-motile single celled

38. Lab Study F: Amoebozoans
Amoeba proteus
Pseudopodia – temporary extensions of amoeboid cells, function in moving and engulfing food

40. Lab Study G: Slime Molds (Mycetozoa)
Protists which use spores to reproduce
Heterotrophic – requires carbon in organic form, cannot manufacture it’s own
Feed using phagocytosis
Suggests they descended from unicellular amoeba-like organisms
Two types: plasmodial and cellular (we will be observing plasmodial type today)

41. Physarum (slime mold)
Plasmodial stage – vegetative stage that consists of a multinucleate mass of protoplasm (no cell walls), feeds on bacteria as it creeps along the surface of moist logs or dead leaves
Fruiting bodies – reproductive structures that produce spores

42. Physarum (plasmodial stage)
Is slime mold smarter than Japan's railway engineers? check it out!

43. Slime Mold Life Cycle

44. Psychedelic slime mold video: