Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Unit 7 Human Growth and Development Chapter 7 Principles of Health Science

Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Life Stages Growth and development begins at birth and ends at death During an entire lifetime, individuals have needs that must be met Health care workers need to be aware of the various stages and needs of the individual to provide quality health care Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Life Stages (continued)
Infancy: birth to 1 year Early childhood: 1-6 years Late childhood: 6-12 years Adolescence: years Early adulthood: years Middle adulthood: years Late adulthood: 65 years and up Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Growth and Development Types
Physical: body growth Mental: mind development Emotional: feelings Social: interactions and relationships with others All four types above occur in each stage Tasks progress from simple to complex Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Growth and Development Rates
Rate of progress varies Factors that can affect include: Sex Race Heredity Culture Life experiences Health status Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
Erik Erikson was a psychoanalyst A basic conflict or need must be met in each stage See Table 7-1 in text page 191 & the handout Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Infancy Age: birth to 1 year old Dramatic and rapid changes Newborn average weight is 6-8 pounds Average length is inches Reflexes are present at birth Moro/startle Rooting Sucking Grasping Teeth appear between 4-6 months of age. By age one teeth. Vision is poor at birth limited to black and white but by age 1 can focus on small objects. Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Infancy Physical Development
AGE: ACTIVITY: BIRTH lift head slightly 2 MONTHS roll side to back 4-5 MONTHS turn body completely around, accept objects handed to them, grasp stationary objects, hold head up while sitting 6-7 MONTHS sit unsupported for several minutes, grasp moving objects, crawl on the stomach 12 MONTHS walk without assistance, grasp with thumb and fingers, throw objects Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Infancy Development Mental- Rapid in the 1st year. Responds to discomforts by crying. By 6 months make basic sounds By 12 months understand and use single words. Emotional- Newborns show excitement At 12 months, affection for parents is evident. Social- 4 months – recognizes/smiles at caregiver. 6 months- watches the activities of others. 12 months – shy with strangers, but socializes with familiar people. REMEMBER, stimulation is essential for mental growth. Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Early Childhood Age: 1-6 years old Physical Development Growth slows down At age 6 average height – 46 inches, average weight – 45 pounds Has more adult appearance – head more in proportion to the rest of the body. Muscle coordination – allows the child to run and climb Learn to write and draw and use a fork and knife. 2-3 years – most of the teeth developed – can eat adult foods 2-4 years – establishment of bowel and bladder control. Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Early Childhood Mental development: Advances rapidly Verbal – several words at age one to words at age 6. Two years – short attention span. Four years – ask many questions, recognizes letters and some words and begins to make logic based decisions. Six years – learns to read and write, and makes decisions based on the present and the past. Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Early Childhood Emotional development: At age 2 safety limits are defined & child will accept or defy the limits. Become impatient and frustrated when they try to do things beyond their ability. Temper tantrums – when can’t perform as desired. Likes routine Age 4-6: Understands right from wrong. Less anxiety when faced with new situations. Social Development Expands form a self-centered one-year-old to a very sociable six-year-old. Still has a need for routine, order, and consistency in daily lives. Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Late Childhood or Preadolescence
Age: 6-12 years old Physical development Slow but steady Weight gain 5-7 pounds/year; height gain of 2-3 inches/year Most primary teeth are lost and replaced by permanent teeth. Age sexual maturation begins. Mental development Learns to use information to solve problems Memory becomes more complex Begins to understand more abstract concepts such as loyalty, honesty, values, and morals. Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Late Childhood or Preadolescence
Emotional Development Age 6 often frightened as school begins. Reassuring parents can ease this transition. Age sexual maturation and changes in body functions can lead to periods of depression followed by joy. Social Development 7 years-tend to like activities they can do by themselves. 8-10 years-tend to be more group orientated. 10-12 years-make friends more easily & gain interest in the opposite sex

Adolescence Age: 12-20 years old Physical development
Sudden growth spurt can cause rapid increases in weight and height. Occurs between ages for girls; and between ages for boys. Muscle coordination does not occurs as quickly, and can lead to clumsiness or awkwardness during this period. Onset of puberty; secretion of sex hormones begin Girls Menstruation Pubic hair Hips widen Develop breasts Body fat distribution leads to the female shape. Boys Production of semen and sperm Deeper voice More muscle mass Pubic and facial hair.

Adolescence Mental Development Most foundations established and experience increase of knowledge and sharpening of skills. Make independent decisions and accept responsibility for actions Emotional development: Often stormy and in conflict Worry about appearance, abilities and relationships with others. Social development: Move away from family to association with peers. Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Eating Disorders Anorexia nervosa Bulimia Drastically reduce or refuse food intake Metabolic disturbances occur Weakness and death Psychological More common in females Alternately binges Eat excessively then fast or refuse to eat Induce vomiting Use laxatives Psychological More common in females Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Chemical Abuse Use of substances such as alcohol or drugs Reasons for trying chemicals: Anxiety Stress relief Peer pressure Escape from emotional or psychological problems Experimentation with feeling the chemical produces Instant gratification Heredity traits Cultural influences Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Suicide One of the leading causes of death in adolescents Reasons Depression Grief over a loss or love affair Failure in school Inability to meet expectations Influence of suicidal friends Lack of self-esteem Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Increased Risk of Suicide
Family history of suicide A major loss or disappointment Previous suicide attempts Recent suicide of friends, family, or role models (heroes or idols) Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Early Adulthood Age years Physical development Frequently the most productive period of life. Physical development is basically complete. Prime child-bearing years and usually produces the healthiest babies. Mental development Time to make many decisions and form many judgments Independence Career choices Establish life style Select marital partner Start a family Establish values Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Early Adulthood Emotional development Subjected to many emotional stresses related to career, marriage, and family Social development Move away from peer group. Associate with others who have similar ambitions and interests (regardless of age) Spend more time with mate and family of their own Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Middle Adulthood (Middle Age)
Age: years of age Physical changes begin to occur Hair gray and thins Skin wrinkles Muscle tone decreases Hearing loss starts Visual acuity declines Weight gain Mental development Mental ability can continue to increase during this period – usually very good students! Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Middle Adulthood Emotional development Period of contentment and satisfaction , or a time of crisis. Satisfaction derived from: job stability, financial success, the end of child- rearing, and good health. Stresses can result from: loss of job, fear of aging, loss of youth and vitality, illness, martial problems , and “empty-nest” syndrome. Social development Relationships between husband and wife can become stronger as a result of have more time to spend with each other. However, divorce rates are also high in this group. Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Late Adulthood Age: 65 years of age and up Physical development Often referred to as elderly or senior citizen People are living longer Physical development on the decline: Skin-dry, wrinkled, thin with brown or yellow spots Loss of hair or thins, gray, loss of shine Bones become brittle and porous Cartilage thins Decrease muscle strength and tone Hearing and vision loss Decreased tolerance for heat and cold Memory loss and decline of reasoning ability Decreased circulation Decreased lung capacity Less efficient kidney & bladder Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Late Adulthood Mental development Mental abilities vary among individuals. Short-term memory is usually the first to decline. Alzheimer’s disease can lead to irreversible loss of memory, and deterioration of intellectual function. Emotional Development Some people cope well with the stresses presented by aging and remain happy and able to enjoy life. Others become lonely, frustrated, withdrawn, and depressed. Stress can be the result of: Retirement -Loss of Independence Spouse or friend’s death -Knowledge of death impending Physical disabilities Financial problems Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Late Adulthood Social development Retirement can lead to a loss of self-esteem. Less contact with co-workers can lead to a limited circle of friends. Death of a spouse and friends, and moving to a new environment can cause changes in social relationships. Development of new social outlets is important: Remember, no matter what the age, people need a sense of belonging, self-esteem, financial security, social acceptance, and love. Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

7:2 Death and Dying Death is “the final stage of growth” Experienced by everyone and no one escapes Young people tend to ignore its existence Usually it is the elderly, who have lost others, who begin to think about their own death Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Terminal Illness Disease that cannot be cured and will result in death People react in different ways Some patients view death as a final peace Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Research Dr. Elizabeth Kübler-Ross was the leading expert in the field of death and dying Results of her research Most medical personnel now believe patient should be informed of approaching death Patient should be left with some hope and know they will not be left alone Staff need to know extent of information known by patient Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Research (continued) Dr. Kübler-Ross identified 5 stages of grieving Dying patients and their families/friends may experience these stages Stages may not occur in order Some patients may not progress through them all, others may experience several stages at once Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Stages of Death and Dying
Denial – refuses to believe Anger – when no longer able to deny Bargaining – accepts death, but wants more time Depression – realizes death will come soon Acceptance – understands and accepts the fact they are going to die Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Caring for the Dying Patient
Very challenging, but rewarding work Supportive care Health care worker must have self-awareness Common to want to avoid feelings by avoiding dying patient Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Hospice Care Palliative care only Often in patient’s home Philosophy: allow patient to die with dignity and comfort Personal care Volunteers After death contact and services Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Right to Die Health care workers must understand this issue Ethical issues must be addressed Allowing patients to die can cause conflict Specific actions to end life cannot be taken Laws allowing “right to die” Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Summary Death is a part of life Health care workers will deal with death and dying patients Must understand death and dying process and think about needs of dying patients Then health care workers will be able to provide the special care these individuals need Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

7:3 Human Needs Needs: lack of something that is required or desired Needs exist from birth to death Needs influence our behavior Needs have a priority status Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (See Figure 7-14 in text) Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Altered Physiological Needs
Health care workers need to be aware of how illness interferes with meeting physiological needs Surgery or laboratory testing Anxiety Medications Loss of vision or hearing Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Altered Physiological Needs (continued)
Decreased sense of smell and taste Deterioration of muscles and joints Change in person’s behavior What the health care worker can do to assist the patient with altered needs Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Meeting Needs Motivation to act when needs felt Sense of satisfaction when needs met Sense of frustration when needs not met Several needs can be felt at the same time Different needs can have different levels of intensity Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Methods for Satisfying Needs (continued)
Indirect methods Defense mechanisms Rationalization Projection Displacement Compensation Daydreaming Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Summary Be aware of own needs and patient’s needs More efficient and quality care can be provided when know needs and understand motivations Better understanding of our behavior and that of others Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

7:4 Effective Communications
Health care workers must be able to relate to patients, family, coworkers, and others Understanding communication skills assists in this process Communication: exchange of information, thoughts, ideas, and feelings Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Message must be clear How sender delivers message How receiver hears message How receiver understands message Avoid interruptions and distractions Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Listening Essential to communications Attempt to hear what other is really saying Need constant practice Good listening skills techniques Observe speaker closely Reflect statements back to speaker Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Nonverbal Communications
Facial expressions, body language, gestures, eye contact, and touch Can conflict with verbal message Be aware of own and other’s nonverbals Don’t always need verbals to communicate effectively When verbal and nonverbal agree, message more likely understood Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Barriers to Communication
Something that gets in the way of clear communications Common barriers Physical disabilities Psychological attitudes and prejudice Cultural diversity Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Recording and Reporting
Observe and record observations Use all senses in the process Report promptly and accurately Criteria for recording observations on a patient’s health care record Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Summary Good communication skills allow development of good interpersonal relationships Health care worker also relates more effectively with coworkers and other individuals Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

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