1. Ch 8 Human Growth and Development

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8:1 Life Stages
Growth and development begins at birth and ends at death
During an entire lifetime, individuals have needs that must be met
Health care workers need to be aware of the various stages and needs of the individual to provide quality health care
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3. Life Stages (continued)
Infancy: birth to 1 year
Early childhood: 1-6 years
Late childhood: 6-12 years
Adolescence: years
Early adulthood: years
Middle adulthood: years
Late adulthood: 65 years and up
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4. Growth and Development Types
Physical: body growth
Mental: mind development
Emotional: feelings
Social: interactions and relationships with others
All four types above occur in each stage
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5. Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
Erik Erikson was a psychoanalyst
A basic conflict or need must be met in each stage
See Table 7-1 in text
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Infancy
Age: birth to 1 year old
Dramatic and rapid changes
Physical development
Mental development
Emotional development
Social development
Infants are dependent on others for all needs
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Early Childhood
Age: 1-6 years old
Physical development
Mental development
Emotional development
Social development
Needs
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8. Late Childhood or Preadolescence
Age: 6-12 years old
Physical development
Mental development
Emotional development
Social development
Needs
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Adolescence
Age: years old
Physical development
Mental development
Emotional development
Social development
Needs
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Eating Disorders
Often develop from an excessive concern for appearance
Anorexia nervosa
Bulimia
More common in females
Usually, psychological or psychiatric help is needed to treat these conditions
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Chemical Abuse
Use of alcohol or drugs with the development of a physical and/or mental dependence on the chemical
Can occur at any life stage, but frequently begins in adolescence
Can lead to physical and mental disorders and diseases
Treatment towards total rehabilitation
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12. Reasons Chemicals Used
Trying to relieve stress or anxiety
Peer pressure
Escape from emotional or psychological problems
Experimentation
Seeking “instant gratification”
Hereditary traits or cultural influences
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Suicide
One of the leading causes of death in adolescents
Permanent solution to temporary problem
Impulsive nature of adolescents
Most give warning signs
Call for attention
Prevention of suicide
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Reasons for Suicide
Depression
Grief over a loss or love affair
Failure in school
Inability to meet expectations
Influence of suicidal friends or parents
Lack of self-esteem
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15. Increased Risk of Suicide
Family history of suicide
A major loss or disappointment
Previous suicide attempts
Recent suicide of friends, family, or role models (heroes or idols)
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Early Adulthood
Age: years old
Physical development
Mental development
Emotional development
Social development
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17. Middle Adulthood (Middle Age)
Age: years of age
Physical development
Mental development
Emotional development
Social development
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Late Adulthood
Age: 65 years of age and up
Also called “elderly”, “senior citizen”, “golden ager”, and “retired citizen”
Physical development
Mental development
Emotional development
Social development
Needs
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8:2 Death and Dying
Death is “the final stage of growth”
Experienced by everyone and no one escapes
Young people tend to ignore its existence
Usually it is the elderly, who have lost others, who begin to think about their own death
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Terminal Illness
Disease that cannot be cured and will result in death
People react in different ways
Some patients view death as a final peace
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Research
Dr. Elizabeth Kübler-Ross was the leading expert in the field of death and dying
Results of her research
Most medical personnel now believe patient should be informed of approaching death
Patient should be left with some hope and know they will not be left alone
Staff need to know extent of information known by patient
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Research (continued)
Dr. Kübler-Ross identified 5 stages of grieving
Dying patients and their families/friends may experience these stages
Stages may not occur in order
Some patients may not progress through them all, others may experience several stages at once
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23. Stages of Death and Dying
Denial – refuses to believe
Anger – when no longer able to deny
Bargaining – accepts death, but wants more time
Depression – realizes death will come soon
Acceptance – understands and accepts the fact they are going to die
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24. Caring for the Dying Patient
Very challenging, but rewarding work
Supportive care
Health care worker must have self-awareness
Common to want to avoid feelings by avoiding dying patient
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Hospice Care
Palliative care only
Often in patient’s home
Philosophy: allow patient to die with dignity and comfort
Personal care
Volunteers
After death contact and services
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Right to Die
Health care workers must understand this issue
Ethical issues must be addressed
Allowing patients to die can cause conflict
Specific actions to end life cannot be taken
Laws allowing “right to die”
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Summary
Death is a part of life
Health care workers will deal with death and dying patients
Must understand death and dying process and think about needs of dying patients
Then health care workers will be able to provide the special care these individuals need
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8:3 Human Needs
Needs: lack of something that is required or desired
Needs exist from birth to death
Needs influence our behavior
Needs have a priority status
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (See Figure 7-14 in text)
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29. Altered Physiological Needs
Health care workers need to be aware of how illness interferes with meeting physiological needs
Surgery or laboratory testing
Anxiety
Medications
Loss of vision or hearing
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30. Altered Physiological Needs (continued)
Decreased sense of smell and taste
Deterioration of muscles and joints
Change in person’s behavior
What the health care worker can do to assist the patient with altered needs
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Meeting Needs
Motivation to act when needs felt
Sense of satisfaction when needs met
Sense of frustration when needs not met
Several needs can be felt at the same time
Different needs can have different levels of intensity
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32. Methods for Satisfying Needs
Direct methods
Hard work
Set realistic goals
Evaluate situation
Cooperate with others
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33. Methods for Satisfying Needs (continued)
Indirect methods
Defense mechanisms
Rationalization
Projection
Displacement
Compensation
Daydreaming
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34. Methods for Satisfying Needs (continued)
Indirect methods (continued)
Repression
Suppression
Denial
Withdrawal
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Summary
Be aware of own needs and patient’s needs
More efficient and quality care can be provided when know needs and understand motivations
Better understanding of our behavior and that of others
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36. 8:4 Effective Communications
Health care workers must be able to relate to patients, family, coworkers, and others
Understanding communication skills assists in this process
Communication: exchange of information, thoughts, ideas, and feelings
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37. Effective Communications (continued)
Verbal: spoken words
Written
Nonverbal: facial expressions, body language, and touch
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38. Effective Communications (continued)
Essential elements
Sender
Message
Receiver
Feedback
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39. Effective Communications (continued)
Message must be clear
How sender delivers message
How receiver hears message
How receiver understands message
Avoid interruptions and distractions
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Listening
Essential to communications
Attempt to hear what other is really saying
Need constant practice
Good listening skills techniques
Observe speaker closely
Reflect statements back to speaker
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41. Nonverbal Communications
Facial expressions, body language, gestures, eye contact, and touch
Can conflict with verbal message
Be aware of own and other’s nonverbals
Don’t always need verbals to communicate effectively
When verbal and nonverbal agree, message more likely understood
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42. Barriers to Communication
Something that gets in the way of clear communications
Common barriers
Physical disabilities
Psychological attitudes and prejudice
Cultural diversity
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43. Recording and Reporting
Observe and record observations
Use all senses in the process
Report promptly and accurately
Criteria for recording observations on a patient’s health care record
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Summary
Good communication skills allow development of good interpersonal relationships
Health care worker also relates more effectively with coworkers and other individuals
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