1. Introduction To Educational Technology

2. Educational Technology > Is the use of all human inventions and discoveries to satisfy our educational needs and desires for learning. Inventions and discoveries are: Devices Tools Equipment Activities Procedures and processes (various educational media)

3. Educational Technology means… The use of technology to support the learning process. Also known variously as e-learning, instructional technology and learning technology.

4. Technology refers to: All “the ways people use their inventions and discoveries to satisfy their needs and desires” (the World Book Encyclopedia Vol. 19 as cited by Corpus and Lucido, 2008) So, it also refers to how people use their inventions and discoveries to satisfy their needs and desires such as learning.

5. Although technology is widely used in the administration and management of education and in research, educational technology is only concerned with technology as It impacts upon the learning process such as: Delivering learning materials Facilitating communication Providing assessment and feedback

6. Educational Technology in its broadest term is: The application of scientific findings in our method, process or procedure of working in the field of education in order to effect learning. Embraces curriculum and instructional design, learning environment, theories of teaching-learning. Also a field study and profession The use of all human inventions for teachers to realize their mission to teach in order that students learn.

7. History of Educational Technology The development of educational technology can be traced back as early as during the ancient civilization. The used of pointed sticks to in script signs and symbols on the leaves and on bark of trees the time when tribal priests systematized bodies of knowledge, and early cultures invented pictographs or sign writing to record and transmit information. But the history is usually made to start with educational film (1900’s) or Sidney Pressey’s mechanical teaching machines in the 1920’s.

8. First large scale usage of new technologies can be traced to US WWII training of soldiers through training films and other mediated materials. Today, presentation-based technology, based on the idea that people can learn contents through aural and visual reception, exists in many forms, e.g., streaming audio and video, PowerPoint Presentations + voice over. Another interesting invention was hypertext, i.e., V. Bush memex.

9. 1950’s led to two major still popular designs. “programmed instruction” by Skinner (focusing on the formulation of behavioral objectives, breaking instructional content into small units and rewarding correct and responses early and often) Advocating a mastery approach to learning based on his taxonomy of intellectual behaviors, instructional techniques that varied both instruction and time according to learner requirements endorsed by Bloom were usually referred to as: ~Computer-based training (CBT) ~Computer-aided/assisted instruction (CAI) in the 1970’s though the 1900’s.

10. 1980’s & 1990’s Produced a variety of schools that can be put under the umbrella of the label Computer-based learning (CBL). Frequently based on constructivist and cognitivist learning theories (focused on teaching both abstract and domain specific problem solving). Preferred technologies were micro-worlds (computer environments where learners could explore and build).

11. Hypertext Digitalized communication and networking in education in the mid 80’s and became popular by the mid 90’s, in particular through the World-Wide-Web (WWW), email and forums. The difference between two major forms of online learning. a) Earlier Type – based on either Computer Based Training (CBT) or Computer-based learning (CBL) ~(focused on the interaction between the student and computer drills plus tutorials on one hand or

12. Micro-worlds and simulations on the other Computer-mediated communication (CMC) Today’s prevailing paradigm in the regular school system where the primary form of interaction is between students and instructors mediated by the computer.

13. CBT/CBL = individualized self study learning. CMC = involves teacher/tutor facilitation and requires scenarization of flexible learning activities. Modern ICT = provides education with tools for sustaining learning communities and associated knowledge management tasks. = provides tools for student curriculum management.

14. Learning Technologies videos and occasional CBT/CBL materials Increase use of e-tutoring through forums Instant messaging Video conferencing All of these play a major role in full-time distance teaching.

15. Blended or hybrid designs = frequently used with courses addressed to smaller groups with distance activities and use various pedagogical styles Pedagogical Styles Drill and practice Exercises Projects, etc…

16. 2000’s emergence of multiple mobile and ubiquitous technologies gave new impulse to situated learning theories favoring learning-in- context scenarios. Integrated learning concept were used by some Literature to describe blended learning scenarios that integrate both school and authentic (e.g. workplace) settings.

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