1. The Supreme Court, Federalism and the Reagan Presidency, and the Federal Government’s Role in Today’s Economy

2. In what three ways has the United States Supreme Court played a key role in recent decades?

3. Defining a constitutional right to privacyDefining a constitutional right to privacy Affirming equal rightsAffirming equal rights Upholding the rule of lawUpholding the rule of law

4. What did all Supreme Court justices have in common until 1967? They were all white males.They were all white males.

5. Who was the first African- American to serve on the Supreme Court? Thurgood MarshallThurgood Marshall

6. Who was the first woman to serve on the Supreme Court? Sandra Day O’ConnorSandra Day O’Connor

7. Who was the second African-American to serve on the Supreme Court? Clarence ThomasClarence Thomas

8. Who was the second woman to serve on the Supreme Court? Ruth Bader GinsburgRuth Bader Ginsburg

9. How have Supreme Court decisions affected individual rights since the 1954 Brown decision? They have expanded individual rights.They have expanded individual rights.

10. What mid-twentieth century movement served as a model for other groups to work for civil rights and equal justice? The Civil Rights movementThe Civil Rights movement

11. How have the federal courts protected employment opportunities for American women? 1964 Civil Rights Act1964 Civil Rights Act Equal Protection Clause of the 14 th AmendmentEqual Protection Clause of the 14 th Amendment

12. How did the Supreme Court rule in Reed v. Reed? Said an Idaho law that gave preference to men over women was unconstitutional, because it violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth AmendmentSaid an Idaho law that gave preference to men over women was unconstitutional, because it violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

13. What legal precedent did Reed v. Reed set? Set precedent that the Supreme Court could use the Equal Protection Clause to protect the rights of American women under certain circumstancesSet precedent that the Supreme Court could use the Equal Protection Clause to protect the rights of American women under certain circumstances

14. How did the Supreme Court rule in Texas v. Johnson? Ruled in favor of a Texas man who was arrested for burning an American flag as a political protestRuled in favor of a Texas man who was arrested for burning an American flag as a political protest

15. According to the Supreme Court in Texas v. Johnson, what constitutional amendment protects an American’s right to burn the American flag?

16. The First Amendment right to free expressionThe First Amendment right to free expression

17. How did the Supreme Court respond to congressional passage of the Flag Protection Act of 1989?

18. Reaffirmed the Johnson decision’s protection of an individual’s First Amendment right to free expressionReaffirmed the Johnson decision’s protection of an individual’s First Amendment right to free expression

19. How did the Supreme Court rule in United States v. Eichman? Declared the Flag Protection Act unconstitutional, because it violated the First AmendmentDeclared the Flag Protection Act unconstitutional, because it violated the First Amendment

20. What is the Supreme Court’s most famous right to privacy decision? Roe v. WadeRoe v. Wade

21. How did the Supreme Court rule in Roe v. Wade? Declared that women have the right to obtain an abortion during the first three months of pregnancyDeclared that women have the right to obtain an abortion during the first three months of pregnancy

22. What was the constitutional basis of the Roe v. Wade decision? State criminal abortion laws violated the Due Process Clause of the 14 th AmendmentState criminal abortion laws violated the Due Process Clause of the 14 th Amendment

23. According to Roe v. Wade, what does the 14 th Amendment’s Due Process Clause protect? Protects the right to privacy against state actionProtects the right to privacy against state action Thereby protects a woman’s right to end her pregnancyThereby protects a woman’s right to end her pregnancy

24. What constitutional principles has the Supreme Court protected by using the power of judicial review to overturn actions by government officials?

25. Separation of powersSeparation of powers Checks and balances systemChecks and balances system

26. What were the facts of United States v. Nixon?

27. President Nixon had secretly tape-recorded all conversations in the Oval Office.President Nixon had secretly tape-recorded all conversations in the Oval Office. The Senate committee investigating Watergate asked for these tapes.The Senate committee investigating Watergate asked for these tapes. President Nixon refused to release the tapes.President Nixon refused to release the tapes.

28. What principle did President Nixon claim in United States v. Nixon? Nixon claimed executive privilege gave him the right to keep his records private.Nixon claimed executive privilege gave him the right to keep his records private.

29. How did the Supreme Court rule in United States v. Nixon?

30. Unanimously ruled that executive privilege did not apply in the Nixon caseUnanimously ruled that executive privilege did not apply in the Nixon case President Nixon must release the complete Watergate tapesPresident Nixon must release the complete Watergate tapes

31. What effect did the Supreme Court’s ruling in United States v. Nixon have on Nixon’s presidency? Nixon resigned as president the next month.Nixon resigned as president the next month.

32. What is federalism? Power sharing between the federal government and the statesPower sharing between the federal government and the states

33. Explain how federalism works.

34. Federal government holds some powersFederal government holds some powers State governments hold other powersState governments hold other powers Some powers are shared by the federal government and the statesSome powers are shared by the federal government and the states

35. What was Ronald Reagan’s political party What was Ronald Reagan’s political party? RepublicanRepublican

36. What have some observers called the two terms of the Reagan presidency? The “Reagan Revolution”The “Reagan Revolution”

37. What was Ronald Reagan’s political philosophy? ConservativeConservative Opposed the expansion of federal power at the expense of the statesOpposed the expansion of federal power at the expense of the states

38. What type of re-evaluation resulted from the conservative political philosophy of President Reagan?

39. Re-evaluation of the size and role of government in the American economy and American societyRe-evaluation of the size and role of government in the American economy and American society

40. What four actions did the “Reagan Revolution” advocate or call for?

41. Tax cutsTax cuts Transfer of responsibilities from the federal government to state governmentsTransfer of responsibilities from the federal government to state governments Appointment of federal judges and Supreme Court justices who exercised “judicial restraint”Appointment of federal judges and Supreme Court justices who exercised “judicial restraint” Reduction in the number and scope of government programs and regulationsReduction in the number and scope of government programs and regulations

42. What was President Reagan’s hope?

43. Reduce the size and power of the federal governmentReduce the size and power of the federal government Turn over federal government decisions to either state governments or individual citizensTurn over federal government decisions to either state governments or individual citizens

44. What was Reagan’s belief regarding national defense? National defense was a key function of the federal governmentNational defense was a key function of the federal government

45. How did Reagan’s political philosophy influence his position on military spending? Reagan wanted to strengthen the American military.Reagan wanted to strengthen the American military.

46. According to the 2008 VUS Curriculum Framework, what four facts support the idea that the “Reagan Revolution” lasted longer than Reagan’s presidency?

47. Election of Reagan’s vice president George H. W. Bush as president in 1988Election of Reagan’s vice president George H. W. Bush as president in 1988 Election to the presidency of a centrist Democrat William (Bill) Clinton in 1992 and 1996Election to the presidency of a centrist Democrat William (Bill) Clinton in 1992 and 1996 Republican sweep of congressional elections and statehouses in the 1990sRepublican sweep of congressional elections and statehouses in the 1990s The election of George W. Bush as president in 2000 and 2004The election of George W. Bush as president in 2000 and 2004

48. What are four economic indicators, which the federal government uses to make decisions on economic policy?

49. Gross Domestic Product (GDP)Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Exchange ratesExchange rates InflationInflation Unemployment ratesUnemployment rates

50. Define GDP. The market value of the goods and services produced by a countryThe market value of the goods and services produced by a country

51. What are exchange rates? The value of the American dollar relative to other world currenciesThe value of the American dollar relative to other world currencies

52. What determines the value of the American dollar on the international currency market?

53. The dollar’s value floats on the international currency market according to the principle of supply and demand.The dollar’s value floats on the international currency market according to the principle of supply and demand.

54. What two types of policy does the federal government use to promote a healthy economy? Monetary policyMonetary policy Fiscal policyFiscal policy

55. What is America’s central bank? The Federal ReserveThe Federal Reserve

56. Who controls monetary policy? The Federal ReserveThe Federal Reserve

57. What is monetary policy? Federal Reserve actions to influence the availability of money and credit for individuals and business groupsFederal Reserve actions to influence the availability of money and credit for individuals and business groups

58. What action does the Federal Reserve take if it believes the American economy is slowing down? Cuts interest ratesCuts interest rates

59. What is inflation? When prices increase and the dollar buys lessWhen prices increase and the dollar buys less

60. What action does the Federal Reserve take if it believes the American economy is overheating and thereby causing inflation? Raises interest ratesRaises interest rates

61. Who controls fiscal policy? The President and CongressThe President and Congress

62. What is fiscal policy? Federal government taxing and spending actions which influence consumer demand and business activityFederal government taxing and spending actions which influence consumer demand and business activity

63. Under fiscal policy, what actions may Congress and the President take if the economy is slowing down? Cut taxesCut taxes Increase federal spendingIncrease federal spending

64. Under fiscal policy, what actions may Congress and the President take if they believe the economy is overheating and thereby causing inflation? Increase taxesIncrease taxes Cut federal spendingCut federal spending