1. STATES OF
MATTER

2. The Five States of Matter
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma
Bose-Einstein Condensate

3. STATES OF MATTER Depend on:
Particle arrangement
Energy of particles
Distance between particles

4. STATES OF MATTER SOLIDS
Particles of solids are tightly packed.
They are vibrating about a fixed position.
Solids have:
a definite shape
a definite volume.
Heat

5. Analogy
Desks in rows

6. STATES OF MATTER LIQUID
Particles of liquids are tightly packed…
but are far enough apart to slide over one another.
Liquids have:
An indefinite shape
a definite volume.
Heat

7. Analogy
Students in crowed hallways

8. STATES OF MATTER GAS Heat Particles of gases are very far apart.
They move freely and have a lot of energy.
Gases have:
an indefinite shape
an indefinite volume.
Heat

9. Analogy
Bees in a jar

11. Will everything just be a gas?
But what happens if you raise the temperature to super-high levels… between 1000°C and 1,000,000,000°C ?
Will everything just be a gas?

12. STATES OF MATTER PLASMA
A plasma is a gas with charged particles.
A plasma is a very good conductor of electricity
Plasmas, like gases have
an indefinite shape a
an indefinite volume.

13. Some places where plasmas are found…
1. Flames

14. 2. Lightning

15. 3. Aurora (Northern Lights)

16. The Sun is an example of a star in its plasma state

17. STATES OF MATTER LIQUID PLASMA SOLID GAS
Tightly packed, in a regular pattern
Vibrate, but do not move from place to place
Close together with no regular arrangement.
Vibrate, move about, and slide past each other
Well separated with no regular arrangement.
Vibrate and move freely at high speeds
Has no definite volume or shape and is composed of electrical charged particles

18. Will everything just be a frozen solid?
But now what happens if you lower the temperature way, way, down to 100 nano degrees above “Absolute Zero” (-273°C)
Will everything just be a frozen solid?

19. Not Necessarily!
In 1924, two scientists, Albert Einstein and Satyendra Bose predicted a 5th state of matter which would occur at very very low temperatures.
Einstein
Bose +

20. Ketterle and his students
Finally, in 1995, Wolfgang Ketterle and his team of graduate students discovered the 5th state of matter for the first time.
Ketterle and his students
The 5th state of matter:
Bose-Einstein Condensate

21. In a Bose-Einstein condensate, atoms can no longer bounce around as individual particles. Instead they must all act in exactly the same way, and you can’t tell them apart.

22. A computer image of a Bose-Einstein Condensate

23. In 2002, Ketterle and two other scientists received the highest award in science for discovering Bose-Einstein condensate:
The Nobel Prize

24. The five states of matter:
PLASMAS (only for low density ionized gases)
BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE
LIQUIDS
SOLIDS
GASES
Lower Temperature
Higher Temperature

25. The Kinetic Theory of Gases
States of Matter
The Kinetic Theory of Gases
All matter is composed of small particles.
They are in constant, random motion.
3. They constantly collide with each other and with the walls of their container.