5. STATES OF MATTER LIQUID  Particles of liquids are tightly packed, but are far enough apart to slide over one another.  Liquids have an indefinite shape and a definite volume. Heat

6. STATES OF MATTER GAS  Particles of gases are very far apart and move freely.  Gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume. Heat

7. PHASE CHANGES Description of Phase Change Term for Phase Change Heat Movement During Phase Change Solid to liquid Melting Heat goes into the solid as it melts. Liquid to solid Freezing Heat leaves the liquid as it freezes.

8. PHASE CHANGES Description of Phase Change Term for Phase Change Heat Movement During Phase Change Liquid to gas Vaporization, which includes boiling and evaporation Heat goes into the liquid as it vaporizes. Gas to liquidCondensation Heat leaves the gas as it condenses. Solid to gasSublimation Heat goes into the solid as it sublimates.

9. Two states of matter they didn’t teach you about in school… Until Now!

10. But what happens if you raise the temperature to super-high levels… between 1000°C and 1,000,000,000°C ? Will everything just be a gas?

11. NO! If the gas is made up of particles which carry an electric charge (“ionized particles”), but the entire gas as a whole has no electric charge, and if the density is not too high, then we can get The 4 th state of matter: PLASMA

12. STATES OF MATTER PLASMA  A plasma is an ionized gas.  A plasma is a very good conductor of electricity and is affected by magnetic fields.  Plasmas, like gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume. Plasma is the common state of matter

13. STATES OF MATTER SOLID LIQUID GAS PLASMA Tightly packed, in a regular pattern Vibrate, but do not move from place to place Definite shape Definite volume Close together with no regular arrangement. slide past each other Indefinite Shape Definite Volume Well separated no regular arrangement. move freely at high speeds Indefinite Shape Indefinite Volume composed of electrical charged particles Indefinite Shape Indefinite Volume Bose Eienstein Condensate Motionless SHAPE like 1 big atom DEFINITE Volume

14. Some places where plasmas are found… 1.FLAMES BUT IT IS NOT FIRE.

15. 2. Lightning

16. 3. Aurora (Northern Lights)

17. The Sun is an example of a star in its plasma state

18. 5. Stars Stars make up 99% of the total matter in the Universe. Therefore, 99% of everything that exists in the entire Universe is in the plasma state.

19. 4. Neon lights

20. 6 6. Clouds of gas and dust around stars

21. So now we know all about five states of matter: LIQUIDS SOLIDS GASES Higher Temperature Lower Temperature PLASMAS (only for low density ionized gases) BEC Bose Einstein Condensate

22. But now what happens if you lower the temperature way, way, down to 100 nano degrees above “Absolute Zero” (-273°C) Will everything just be a frozen solid?

23. Not Necessarily! In 1924 (82 years ago), two scientists, Albert Einstein and Satyendra Bose predicted a 5 th state of matter which would occur at very very low temperatures. EinsteinBose +

24. The 5 th state of matter: Bose-Einstein Condensate Finally, in 1995, Wolfgang Ketterle and his team of graduate students (like me) discovered the 5 th state of matter for the first time. Ketterle and his students

25. In a Bose-Einstein condensate, atoms can no longer bounce around as individuals. Instead they must all act in exactly the same way, and you can no longer tell them apart!

26. Here is a picture a computer took of Bose-Einstein Condensation The big peak happens when all the atoms act exactly the same way! (We can’t see Bose-Einstein condensation with our eyes because the atoms are too small)

27. Some other computer images of Bose-Einstein Condensates…

28. To really understand Bose-Einstein condensate you need to know Quantum Physics

29. In 2002, Ketterle and two other scientists received the highest award in science for discovering Bose-Einstein condensate: The Nobel Prize

30. The five states of matter: LIQUIDS SOLIDS GASES Higher Temperature Lower Temperature PLASMAS (only for low density ionized gases) BOSE- EINSTEIN CONDENSATE LOW ENERGY HIGH ENERGY