1. Chapter 10: The Age Of Jackson
What impact did Andrew Jackson’s presidency have on the nation?

2. Northern factory and Southern plantation

3. Section 1: Jacksonian Democracy
Expansion of Democracy
In the North small scale shops were replaced by large factories.
In the South small farms developed into large cotton plantations: owned by wealthy worked by slaves.
Wealth was redistributed into a few hands leaving ordinary Americans behind.

4. Andrew Jackson

5. Expansion of Democracy
the same people believed they were losing power in the government
They believed that the wealthy were trying to take over the government.
Hoping for change, small farmers, frontier settlers, and slaveholders rallied behind Andrew Jackson.

6. Jackson’s Politics War hero from the War of 1812.
presidential candidate in the 1824 elections.
people believed Jackson would defend
the rights of the common people and slave states.
they were disappointed when he lost the
1824 election.

7. Jackson’s Popularity There were many democratic reforms.
Some states changed their voting regulations to allow more white males the right to vote.
usually excluded free blacks from voting even if they had been allowed under the original state constitution.
Nominating conventions were popular with Political parties- parties chose their candidates.
This period was known as Jacksonian Democracy-1820s -30s

8. Determined that Jackson would win the 1828 his supporters formed the Democratic Party.
They were called National Republicans by Adams supporters.
The candidates were Jackson and John Q. Adams again.
Election of 1828

9. The Campaign Focused on personalities
Jackson was a war hero who worked hard to get where he had.
Adams was a Harvard graduate and his father had been president.
Tried to appeal to the common man with Jackson.
The Campaign

10. Jackson’s Inauguration
Jackson’s victory was a win for the common people.
Jackson rewarded some of his followers for their support.
spoils system-the practive of giving government jobs to political backers.
Jackson also relied heavily on his kitchen cabinet-an informal group of trusted advisers who sometimes met in the White House kitchen.
Jackson’s Inauguration

11. Section 2: Jackson’s Administration
Sectional differences Increase
three regions emerge in the early 1800s.
The North-economy based on trade and manufacturing.
The South-economy based on farming.
The West-frontier economy was just emerging.

12. Tariff of Abominations
The northerners supported a high tariff (tax) on imported woolen goods.
They wanted to keep the competition with Britain out of the states.
But the southerners believed the tariff was too high and it would hurt their economy.
Before Jackson took office Congress placed a high tariff on imports:
Southerners called it Tariff of Abominations (an abomination is a hateful thing)
This new tariff added fuel to the growing sectionalism between north and south.

13. Tariff of Abominations-Northern

14. Tariff of Abominations-Southern

15. At the core of the dispute was the question of an individual state’s right to desregard a law that had been passed by the U.S. Congress.
States’ Rights Debate

16. Nullification Crisis
John C. Calhoun had supported a strong central government.
However, the Tariff of Abominations convinced him to join his fellow southerners.
Economic depression and previous tariffs had severely damaged the economy of his home state, South Carolina.
Some leaders in the state even spoke of
leaving the Union over tariff issues.

17. Crisis Continued
Calhoun drafted the South Carolina Exposition and Protest.
It said Congress should not favor one state or region over another.
He used this Protest to advance the states’ rights doctrine-said that state power should be greater than federal power.
He believed states had the right to nullify or reject any federal law they judged as unconstitutional.
Others disagreed on the basis that the American people made up the Union, not individual states.
The Conflict became known as the Nullification Crisis.

18. The Hayne-Webster Debate
Nullification was debated in the Senate in 1830.
Robert Hayne of South Carolina and Daniel Webster of Massachusetts.
Hayne argued for nullification and Webster against.
The Hayne-Webster Debate
Calhoun’s theory went as far as to question the power of the Supreme Court.

19. Jackson Responds He was deeply opposed to nullification.
He urged Congress to reduce the rate of the tariffs in 1832.
South Carolina didn’t think it would help any.
South carolina passed the Nullification Act--declared the 1828 and 1832 tariffs void and threatened to secede from the Union if federal troops were used to collect the now “illegal” taxes.
Jackson swore he would uphold the federal law in South Carolina.
Force Bill was passed approving the use of the army if need be.
No other states supported South Carolina.

20. continued response...
Henry Clay proposes a compromise (Surprise! Considering his hand in the Missouri Compromise).
The Compromise would lower the tariff gradually over several years.
Both the U.S. Congress and South Carolina approved the compromise.
Despite the agreement neither side changed its beliefs on states’ rights.
The argument would continue into the conflict known as the Civil War.

21. Jackson Attacks the Bank
He opposed a Federal Bank with the power to act as the financial institution for the government.
It held federal deposits, made transfers of federal funds between states, and dealt with any payments or reciepts involving the federal government.
It also issued currency or bank notes.
Jackson Attacks the Bank
He did not always support federal power.

22. Banks Many states, especially southern, opposed the Bank.
They believed that the Bank only helped wealthy business people.
Jackson questioned the legality of the Bank and believed it was unconstitutional.
He thought the states should have the power to control the banking system.

23. The Court ruled that the national bank was constitutional.
Some states, Maryland, decided to tax the Bank’s operations.
McCulloch, a cashier at a Bank branch refused to pay.
The state took him to court and it went all the way to the Supreme Court.
McCulloch v. Maryland
The Court ruled that the national bank was constitutional.

24. The death of the Bank...
Nicholas Biddle, the Bank's director, decided to push for the renewal.
Jackson claimed he would “kill it”.
He vetoed the legislation when Congress sent it to him.
He moved the Bank’s funds to state banks, who used it for easy credit to consumers causing inflation.
His policies opened the door for more economic troubles.

25. State bank notes were out of control
State bank notes were out of control. Jackson battled it by telling Americans to use only gold or silver.

26. Panic of 1837
1834 a new political party was created to oppose Jackson-The Whig Party-favored the idea of a weak president and a strong Congress.
The Democrats chose Martin Van Buren to run.
The Whigs chose four different men.
Because of the indecision and Jackson’s backing Van Buren won.
After Van Buren took office the country experienced the Panic of 1837-a severe economic depression.
It was Jackson’s fault but everyone blamed Van Buren.
The Whigs then united against Van Buren in 1840 and ran with William Henry Harrison and won.

27. Section 3: Indian Removal
Congress established Indian Territory-U.S. land in what is now Oklahoma and planned to move Native Americans there.
Supposedly this would protect Indians from further conflict with settlers.
To manage the lands and the Indians Congress approved the creation of a new government agency-the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
Section 3: Indian Removal
Indian Removal Act in 1830-authorized the removal of Native American who lived east of the Mississippi River to lands in the West.

28. Indian Resistance
The Choctaw were booted off of their land by the Mississippi legislature.
They were forced from their home to Indian territory with inadequate supplies and many died of cold, disease, or starvation.
Other tribes resisted-The Creeks were captured by federal troops and forced to walk to Indian Territory; Many in chains.
The Chickasaw negotiated a treaty for better supplies but still many died during the removal.

29. Cherokee Resistance
Many Cherokee hoped to avoid removal by adopting the contemporary culture of white people.
They invited missionaries to set up schools for children to read and write English.
They developed their own government modeled after the U.S. Constitution: with an election system, bicameral council, and court system.
All headed by a chief.

30. After gold was discovered on their land in Georgia, their treaty rights were ignored.
Georgia began to prepare for their removal; when they refused the militia attacked.
They claimed that they were an independent nation and Georgia had no legal power over their lands.
In Worcester v. Georgia the Court ruled that the Cherokee nation was a distinct community in which the laws of Georgia had no force.

31. Georgia does not listen
Although he viloated his presidential oath to uphold the laws of the land man members of Congress and American citizens did not care how he removed the Native Americans.
Georgia does not listen
supposedly Jackson said, “John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it.”

32. The 800 mile journey is known as the Trail of Tears.
Spring 1838 U.S. Troops began removing all Cherokee to Indian Territory.
The 800 mile journey is known as the Trail of Tears.
During the march the Cherokee suffered from disease, hunger, and harsh weather.
¼ of the 18,000 Cherokee died on the march.

33. Other Native Americans Resist
Chief Black Hauk of the Fox and Sauk Indians led a struggle, however they ran out of food and supplies by and were still forced to leave their land.
Seminole leaders were forced to sign a removal treaty.
This led to the Second Seminole War.
4,000 Seminoles were removed and hundreds killed.
Eventually the U.S. gave up and small groups remained in Florida.
Other Native Americans Resist
Other Native Americans decided to fight U.S. troops to avoid removal