1. 0 Space Exploration and International Cooperation Gilbert R. Kirkham Office of External Relations June 2004

2. 1 Areas for International Cooperation Everywhere Beyond the Earth’s Atmosphere Robotic, Human, and Hybrid Exploration Robotic – Un-crewed Human – Basic Crewed Hybrid – Crew and Robotic Elements

3. 2 Robotic Missions Continued and New Cassini Hubble Space Telescope Mars Global Surveyor Mars Odyssey Mars Express Mars Exploration Rovers 2007 Phoenix Mars Lander 2008 Lunar Mission (1 st in a series) 2009 Mars Science Rover

4. 3 Human and Hybrid Missions I.Human Missions – Continued and New International Space Station 2008 Crew Exploration Vehicle Demo (Un-crewed) 2014 Crewed Earth Orbital Mission 2015 Crewed Lunar Mission (Objective) 2020 (Threshold) Lunar Mission II.Hybrid Missions (Crewed and Robotic Elements) Future (e.g. Robonaut and autonomous elements)

5. 4 Approaches to Cooperation Scientist-to-Scientist/Engineer-to-Engineer Regularly Scheduled Bilateral Meetings NASA – ESA Space Science Bilateral Regularly Scheduled Multilateral Meetings –International Mars Exploration Working Group –International Space Life Sciences Working Group Communication is the key

6. 5 Approaches to Cooperation Agency-to-Agency Basic Cooperative Missions Rosetta (Payloads on Partner’s Missions/Launch Vehicles) Combined Missions Cassini (Separate Major Elements Launched Together) Complementary (Augmented) Missions Mars Express/Mars Exploration Rovers Industry-to- Industry

7. 6 Approaches to Cooperation Requests for Information (RFI’s) Approx 1,000 responses to April ’04 RFI Broad Area Announcements (BAA’s) Constellation (Human Lunar Exploration & CEV) NASA Research Announcements (NRA’s) & Announcements of Opportunity (AO’s) Requests for Proposals (RFP’s)

8. 7 Commonality/Evolvability For Future Missions Mars Candidates Telescope Candidates Outer Moons Candidates Transit and Launch Systems Crew Transport Launch Crew Support Supporting Research Resource Identification and Characterization Biomedical Countermeasures and Limits Technology Options Long-Duration Habitation Surface Power and Resource Utilization Pre-Positioned Propellants Surface and Orbital Systems Landing Systems Surface Mobility Comm/Nav Numerous Partnership Opportunities

9. 8 Conclusion “International talents and technologies will be of significant value in successfully implementing the space exploration vision” - Report of the President’s Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy