1. EXPLAIN THE NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS OF THE ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM. DESCRIBE HOW THE PLANETS FORMED DESCRIBE THE FORMATION OF THE LAND, THE ATMOSPHERE, AND THE OCEANS OF THE EARTH. Formation of the Solar System

2. Nebular Hypothesis The solar system consists of the sun, the planets, the dwarf planets, and all of the other bodies that revolve around the sun. Planets are the primary bodies that orbit the sun. In the 1700s scientists believed that the sun threw off materials that later formed the planets. But in 1796 Marquis de Laplace advanced the theory known as nebular hypothesis. Laplace’s theory states that the sun and the planets condensed at about the same time out of a rotating cloud of gas and dust called a nebula.

3. The Nebular Hypothesis About five billion years ago, the amount of gravity near one of these clouds increased as a result of a nearby supernova or other forces. The rotating cloud of dust and gas from which the sun and the planets form is called the solar nebula. When the temperature and pressure from the gravity of the nebula become hotter and denser hydrogen fusion begins and creates a star. A star is made up of 99 percent of the matter in the nebula.

4. Formation of the Planets Small bodies from which a planet originated in the early stages of the development of the solar system. Some planets joined together to form protoplanets. Eventually the protoplanets became very large and formed the planets and the moon. Moons are smaller bodies that orbit the planets. Planets and moons are smaller and denser than the protoplanets. Some protoplanets are massive enough to become round but not massive enough to clear away other objects near their orbits. These became dwarf planets.

5. Formation of the Inner Planets The features of the newly formed planet depended on the distance between the protoplanet and the developing sun. The four protoplanets became known as Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. These planets have large percentages of nickel and iron which form their cores. Their outer layers are composed of gases. They have similar rocky material to that on earth.

6. Formation of the Outer Planets Four other protoplanets became know as Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. As a group, these outer planets are very different from the small, rocky inner planets. They were formed far away from the sun which made them colder. Today these planets are referred to as gas giants because they are composed of mostly gases, have a low density, and are huge planets. Uranus and Neptune are different from Jupiter and Saturn and are sometimes called ice giants.

7. Pluto-The First Dwarf Planet From its discovery in 1930, Pluto was known as the ninth planet. However, unlike the other outer planets, which are gas giants for ice giants Pluto is smaller than earth’s moon. In 2006, astronomers around the world revised the definition of a planet. The new definition includes the first eight familiar planets, but it excludes Pluto. Pluto is a new category of solar system bodies called dwarf planets.

8. Formation of Solid Earth Young earth was hot enough to melt iron, the most common of the existing heavy elements. As earth developed, denser materials such as iron sank to the center. The less dense material was pushed outward. This is known as differentiation. At the center is the core of the earth. Surrounding the core of the earth is the mantle. The outermost layer is the crust which is comprised of silica-rich rock.

9. Present Solid Earth Eventually, earth’s surface cooled enough for solid rock to form. The solid rock at Earth’s surface formed from less dense elements that were pushed toward the surface during differentiation. Earth’s surface continued to change as a result of heat in the Earth’s interior as well as through the impacts and through interactions with the newly formed atmosphere.

10. Formation of Earth’s Atmosphere Earth’s early atmosphere was comprised of hydrogen and helium. However, the earth was too weak to hold these gases in. Earth’s magnetic field was also fully developed. As the surface continued to form, volcanic eruptions were much more frequent than they are today. They released gases into the atmosphere called outgassing. Most of the hydrogen that was released during this breakdown escaped into space. The remaining gases formed ozone. Organisms that could survive in earth’s early atmosphere are called cyanobacteria started to form. About two billion years ago the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere increased rapidly.

11. Formation of Earth’s Ocean Part of the water on earth came from space. These came from comets which crashed into the earth. The first oceans were comprised of fresh water. These oceans then became salt water. This occurred because of the massive amount of rain which flowed over the rocks and carried the salt away into the ocean. The oceans affect on global temperature varies. One way that it alters this is by dissolving the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.