1. 4.1 Introduction to Solutions
SCH 3U
Unit 3: Solutions and Solubility

2. Defining a Solution HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE
Examples: Sugar and water, salt in water.

3. HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE
Example:
Zn in Pb(NO3)2 (aq)
CaCO3 in water
Zn in Pb(NO3)2(aq)
CaCO3 in water

4. Homogeneous (FeCl2 in water)
Heterogeneous (Fe2O3 in water)

5. SOLUTIONS
Homogeneous mixture of substances composed of at least one solute (such as NaCl) and one solvent (such as water).
Solvent –
Solute

6. Examples – Gas solute Gas in gas Gas in liquid O2 in N2 (air)
O2 in H2O
CO2 in H2O
Gas in liquid

7. O2 in H2O(s)
Gas in solid

8. Examples – Liquid Solute
H2O in air
Liquid in gas
NEVER DRINK ANTIFREEZE!
CH3OH in H2O
Liquid in liquid

9. Liquid in solid

10. Examples – Solid Solute
CuSO4 in H2O
Sn in Cu

11. Solute in Solvent
Example of Solution
Gas in Gas
Oxygen in nitrogen (air)
Gas in Liquid
Oxygen in water (tap water)
Gas in Solid
Oxygen in Solid water (ice)
Liquid in Gas
Water in air (humidity)
Liquid in Liquid
Methanol in water (antifreeze)
Liquid in Solid
Mercury in silver (tooth fillings)
Solid in Liquid
Copper sulfate in water
Solid in Solid
Tin in copper (bronze)

12. CATEGORIES OF SOLUTIONS
Solutions can be categorized based on three factors –
What their solvent is.
If they can conduct electricity
Acidity

13. Solvent:
The solvent may be alcohol, benzene, octane…etc. These solutions are not aqueous.
CuSO4(aq) - Copper sulfate dissolved water.
C2H5OH(aq) - Liquid ethanol dissolved water.
I2(al) - Solid Iodine dissolved in alcohol

14. Electrolytic Solutions
Solute IONIZES in solvent, and the ions conduct electricity. Ions in solution are also called ELECTROLYTES.
Examples of electrolytic solutions
NaCl(aq)
KBr(aq)
NaOH(aq)
Acids (HNO3(aq), HCl(aq), H2SO4(aq))
Examples of non-electrolytic solutions
CH3OH (aq)
- most hydrocarbons

16. Human body full of ions in water based solvent.
We have an Electrolytic Solution in our bodies = GOOD ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS

17. Acidic (pH <7) Sol’n contains hydronium (H3O+) ions.
Turns Litmus paper RED
ELECTROLYTIC
Basic (pH >7) Soln contains hydroxide (OH-) ions.
Turns Litmus paper BLUE
Neutral (pH = 7)Soln has same [H3O+] and [OH-]
NON ELECTROLYTIC.

18. Saturation Saturated Solution –
Unsaturated solution – a solution that could dissolve more solute.
Supersaturated solution –