1. The Industrial Revolution
The Revolution that changed the world forever

2. Historical Significance of the Industrial Revolution
An ancient Greek or Roman would have been just as comfortable in Europe in 1700 because daily life was not much different – agriculture and technology were not much changed in years
The Industrial Revolution changed human life drastically
More was created in the last 250+ years than in the previous years of known human history

3. What was the Industrial Revolution?
The Industrial Revolution was a fundamental change in the way goods were produced, from human labor to machines
The more efficient means of production and subsequent higher levels of production triggered far-reaching changes to industrialized societies

4. The Industrial Revolution
Transportation improved
Ships
Wooden ships → Iron ships → Steel ships
Wind-powered sails → Steam-powered boilers
Trains
Automobiles
Communication improved
Telegraph
Telephone
Radio

5. “Necessity Is the Mother of Invention”
Spinning machine
Need to speed up weaving
Power loom created

6. “Necessity Is the Mother of Invention”
Power loom
Increased demand for raw cotton
Invention of the cotton gin

7. “Necessity Is the Mother of Invention”
Cotton gin
Demands for stronger iron
Improvements in iron smelting and the development of steel (Bessemer process)

8. “Necessity Is the Mother of Invention”
As more steam-powered machines were built, factories needed more coal to create this steam
Mining methods improved to meet the demand for more coal
“Necessity Is the Mother of Invention”
Notes: An excellent example of this phenomenon is the personal computer or cell phone. Cell phones were initially used by professionals who needed fast communications for business. The everyday usefulness of cell phones was quickly apparent, increasing demand. Cell phone towers were built around the globe, and cell phone technology continues to grow more complex. Have students compare the original “brick” cell phone to the iPhone.
The process of inventing never ends
One invention inevitably leads to improvements upon it and to more inventions

9. Industrial – Having to do with industry, business or manufacturing
Revolution – a huge change or a change in the way things are done
Industrial Revolution – a change from making things using human and animal labor to making goods using machine labor.

10. Vertical Integration – The merger of companies at different levels of production for a single product. What does that mean?
Horizontal Integration – The merger of companies at the same level of production of a single product. Can you explain?
Laissez-Faire – “Leave business alone” without laws or regulations to restrict business.

11. Imperialism –US and other industrialized nations took advantage of other lands for their own economic gain. “Taking over foreign lands (military, economic, political)”
Social Darwinism – The belief that the societal groups are controlled by the same rules governing ‘survival of the fittest’ in nature
Gospel of Wealth – The belief that the wealthy have the responsibility to care for the poor/needy (from the Gospels of Christianity)

12. Transportation
Before the Industrial Revolution, people relied on the horse and their own feet to get around.
With the invention of the steam locomotive, transportation took a huge step forward.
The first two major railroad companies were the Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads.

13. Passenger carriers

15. An original steam engine

16. Steam locomotive

17. Leland Stanford
Leland Stanford was a business tycoon, (a wealthy, powerful person in business or industry) co-founder of the Central Pacific Railroad, creator of Stanford University, and the governor of California.

18. Textiles
With the invention of the spinning jenny and the power loom, the textile industry took off.
Clothes could now be made far faster than ever before.
The Textile industry was the first to industrialize.

19. Spinning wheel
The spinning wheel was the first invention, but it was very slow.
Threads were spun one at a time, by hand.

20. The spinning jenny
The spinning jenny could spin up to eight thread at time. The spinning jenny was much faster than the spinning wheel.

21. The Spinning Mule
The spinning mule used water power to spin the thread, which was much faster than doing it by hand.
More cloth could now be made.

22. The Power Mule

23. The power loom The power loom used water power to weave cloth
People could make a lot of cloth quickly.

25. A cotton factory

26. Agriculture Advances in agriculture were also made.
The invention of the seed drill allowed farmers to plant many more seeds much more quickly.
The reaper allowed farmers to harvest their crops more efficiently.
More crops could now be grown feeding an increasing population.

27. The seed drill

28. The reaper
The reaper was used to cut down the harvest. It would take a long time to do it by hand. Individuals were not always paid very well for their labor either.

29. The mechanical reaper was a lot faster than doing the hand reaper

30. Steel
With the invention of steel, buildings could be made much taller.
Steel was much harder than iron, which would bend if made too tall.
The steel industry created many new products, and led to the invention of the car.

31. Smoke stacks of a factory

32. A melting plant

33. One of the bad things about Industrialization was pollution.

34. Andrew Carnegie
Andrew Carnegie became a millionaire in the steel business by putting all his competitors out of business.
He created U.S. Steel in Pittsburg.

35. The electric light
Can you imagine what life would be like without the electric light?
Thomas Edison invented the electric light.
Thomas Edison also invented many other things, like the phonograph.

36. Thomas Edison

38. The phonograph

39. Telegraph
In 1844, Samuel Morse demonstrates his telegraph by sending a message to Baltimore from the chambers of the Supreme Court in Washington, DC. The message, "What hath God wrought?," marks the beginning of a new era in communication.
The telegraph used dots and dashes to send messages over electric lines. These dots and dashes became known as Morse Code.

42. Telephone
Alexander Graham Bell patented the first telephone in 1876.

44. John D. Rockefeller
John D. Rockefeller became the richest man in the world in the oil business.
He created Standard Oil Company.
Oil began being used in all types of machines, like cars.

45. Henry Ford
Henry Ford invented the first practical car, the Model T.
The car had been invented earlier, but Ford was the first to make the car affordable.
Perfected the
Assembly Line production

46. Samuel Gompers
With all the new businesses being created, someone needed to take care of the workers.
Gompers created the American Federation of Labor, or organization of other labor unions that had bonded together to protect the rights of workers.

47. Orville and Wilber Wright
The Wright brothers were the first men to successfully fly an airplane.
The flight lasted only twelve seconds, but it proved men could fly.

48. Industrial Revolution Changes Society, Economy, Culture
Social Darwinism: Some believe their wealth was deserved because they worked for it. Those who weren’t wealthy socially weak.
Gospel of Wealth: Some believed that it was a Christian’s duty to give to the needy and the new wealthy class ought to share their wealth.
Socialism & Communism develop in response to the unfair wealth distribution and working practices.

50. Socialism & Communism
Communism – society owns the means of production; the economy & government provide for the needs of the citizens.
Belief that capitalism is designed to create poverty and poor working conditions because of its end goal of earning maximum profits for investors (individuals) (Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels)
Motto: “From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs.”
Theorized to be the end-result of economic progression.
Socialism – government owns most of the means of production and operates it for public benefit. (Robert Owen)
Belief that if the government (“the people”) owns the means of production, these factories and industries will function in the public (as opposed to private) interest
Motto: “From each according to his ability, to each according to his contribution.”
Theorized to be an essential step before achieving communism.

51. Marxism They believed they discovered an inevitable pattern
Marx and Engels studied the history of the world’s economies
Communism!!!!
Socialism
Capitalism
They believed they discovered an inevitable pattern
Feudalism
Basic Communism

52. What is Capitalism? Economic system created by Adam Smith.
Believes in individual ownership and competition.
The theory is that when everyone is selfish, it benefits everyone.
Competition = Lower prices
Can lead to a large gap between rich and poor (like in Industrial Revolution)

53. Robert Owen (1771-1858) Utopian socialist
Owned a textile factory in New Lanark, Scotland
Set up a model community in New Harmony, Indiana
Decreased working hours
Improved working conditions and employee housing
Shared management and profits with employees
Proved that a socialist-based company could be profitable

54. Karl Marx (1818-1883) German socialist (communist) philosopher
Forced to leave Prussia for articles attacking the Prussian government
Relocated to France where he was considered too radical
Wrote Communist Manifesto with Friedrich Engels (1848)
Relocated to England where he lived out the rest of his life
Wrote Das Kapital – the “bible” of socialism (1867)
“Religion is the opiate of the people.”
Belief that religion is designed to keep people submissive to those in power by promising them that their reward is in heaven

55. How did industrialization change the way of life?
Large gaps
between the
rich and the poor
Changes brought by
industrialization
Size ↑
Class Tensions
Cities
Factories
Working Conditions
The rise of the
middle class
Living Conditions
No safety
codes
Sickness
Long hours,
Little pay
Dangerous
conditions

56. Review Questions What was the Industrial Revolution?
Describe at least three developments of the Industrial Revolution.
Compare and contrast the domestic and factory methods of production.
Explain the terms Gospel of Wealth and Social Darwinism?
Which of those two ideas do you agree with more? Explain why.
Explain why one invention or development leads to another.
Define the two terms Vertical Integration/Horizontal Integration