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Formulas for Career Success: Higher Learning

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1 Formulas for Career Success: Higher Learning

2 Formulas for Career Success: Higher Learning Introduction

3 Higher Learning Is also known as post-secondary education
Opportunities are available for individuals with all types of career goals some institutions and programs focus on hands-on training, some involve theoretical study and many provide a mix of each

4 Higher Learning Institutions
Are a great place for individuals to grow and learn more about themselves and their career goals many students move away from their parents’ home for the first time life-long friendships and connections are often formed opportunities for exploring interests and career options are abundant

5 Higher Learning Is necessary to qualify for some careers
an estimated 60 percent of all jobs in the United States economy require some sort of post secondary education Did You Know? More than 21 million Americans are enrolled at institutions of higher learning.

6 Higher Learning Typically increases earning potential
studies show individuals with college degrees make about 84 percent more over their lifetimes than those with only a high-school diploma Earning Potential: amount of money an individual should be able to earn in his or her career

7 Median Annual Earnings of Full-Time Workers Ages 25 & Over
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement. Last Modified Date: March 23, 2012 via Minnesota Office of Higher Education:

8 Higher Learning Can provide more than just credentials
people with a post-secondary education are reportedly more likely to be satisfied with their jobs networking is a major benefit of post secondary education Networking: process of building and utilizing beneficial, professional relationships

9 Higher Learning Differs from high school in the following ways:
amount of support and guidance developing relationships with professors and counselors is the responsibility of the student and may take more effort academic structure class schedules are more varied and flexible academic assignments tests and papers are more in-depth and challenging

10 Higher Learning Requires the following: independent study
critical thinking problem solving time management organization involvement self-discipline persistence passion hard work

11 Higher Learning Institutions
Include: trade schools also known as technical or vocational schools community colleges junior colleges colleges universities

12 Higher Learning Degrees
Include: certificates licenses associate degrees bachelor’s degrees master’s degrees doctoral degrees

13 Formulas for Career Success: Higher Learning Types of Degrees

14 Higher Learning Programs
Vary greatly based on degree type, area of study and institution Include: professional certification and licenses associate degrees bachelor’s degrees master’s degrees doctoral degrees

15 Professional Certification & Licenses
Are earned to verify an individual’s qualification to perform a job Are granted by industry organizations, post-secondary institutions or the government

16 Professional Certification
Is awarded by organizations or institutions and is considered voluntary however, it may be difficult to gain employment without certification in some fields for example, Microsoft® offers certification programs for those in the information technology field

17 Professional Licenses
Are typically regulated by government agencies and are required by law for some careers for example, state agencies regulate licenses in the cosmetology field, and individuals must be licensed to legally provide cosmetology services

18 Professional Certification & Licenses
May require: training and schooling at a trade, vocational or technical school typically two years or less passing of an exam both training and the passing of an exam

19 Professional Certification & Licenses
Are required or recommended in the following career fields: plumbing auto repair pest control cosmetology real estate heating, ventilation and air conditioning massage therapy

20 Professional Certification & Licenses
May also be required or recommended in some career fields which require one or more academic degrees nursing accounting information technology fitness training

21 Undergraduate Degrees
Are fundamental academic degrees Include: associate degrees bachelor’s degrees Did You Know? More than 2 million undergraduate degrees are awarded in the United States each year.

22 Associate Degrees Are awarded by a variety of institutions of higher learning Require 60 to 80 credit hours depending on program and major approximately 20 courses Typically take two years of full-time study to complete

23 Associate Degrees Are required or recommended in the following career fields: dental hygiene legal assisting respiratory therapy culinary arts nursing fitness training hospitality management

24 Associate Degrees May also allow students to transfer to a four-year program depending on the institution and program, some associate degrees, sometimes known as transfer degrees, provide students credits toward a bachelor’s degree Did You Know? After transferring, only the four-year school will appear on the bachelor’s degree received upon graduation.

25 Bachelor’s Degrees Are also known as baccalaureate degrees
Are awarded by undergraduate institutions Require 120 to 140 credit hours depending on program and major approximately 40 courses Typically take four years of full-time study to complete

26 Bachelor’s Degrees Are required or recommended in the following career fields: accounting journalism teaching/education engineering (some types) advertising computer programming

27 Graduate Degrees Are advanced academic degrees Include:
a graduate degree cannot be earned without earning a bachelor’s degree Include: master’s degrees doctoral degrees Did You Know? More than 750,000 graduate degrees are awarded in the United States each year.

28 Master’s Degrees Are awarded by graduate institutions
Require 30 to 72 credit hours after a bachelor’s degree is earned May also require a written thesis or dissertation Typically take two to three years of full-time study to complete Graduate Institution: higher learning institution which grants graduate degrees Dissertation: elaborate, comprehensive, independent research project contributing to the field of study

29 Master’s Degrees Are required or recommended in the following career fields: therapy post-secondary education architecture library science counseling archeology

30 Doctoral Degrees Are also known as doctorates
Are awarded by graduate institutions Require 48 to 72 credit hours after a master’s degree is earned Also require a written thesis or dissertation Typically take three to five years of full-time study to complete

31 Doctoral Degrees Are required or recommended in the following career fields: law medicine veterinary medicine research science animal science dentistry biological science

32 Professional Degrees Are graduate degrees which focus on skills and practical analysis over theory or research Are often required to work in certain professions or are intended to prepare the student for an exam required to work in a certain profession

33 Professional Degrees Include: Doctor of Medicine (M.D.)
needed to be a medical doctor Juris Doctor (J.D.) needed to be a lawyer Master of Divinity (M.Div.) needed to be a priest or pastor Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (D.V.M.) needed to be a veterinarian

34 Higher Learning Programs
Provide students with increased career possibilities although education requirements vary from employer to employer, many jobs require a minimum level of education career fields listed in this segment are classified by minimum education needed education beyond what is listed can make applicants more competitive and appealing

35 Formulas for Career Success: Higher Learning Types of Institutions

36 Higher Learning Institutions
Are classified as public or private public institutions are largely supported by government funds private institutions do not receive government funding, but are supported solely by tuition, endowment and donations Endowment: account of donation funds invested in order to continuously generate income; the original endowment amount is left alone, while the income it generates is available for spending

37 Public vs. Private Institutions
Generally less expensive Generally more expensive Tend to be larger Tend to be smaller Often offer wider choice of majors Often offer smaller range of majors Larger class sizes common Smaller class sizes common

38 Higher Learning Institutions
Include: vocational, trade and technical schools community and junior colleges colleges and universities Did You Know? Harvard University was founded in 1636, making it the oldest higher learning institution in the United States.

39 Vocational, Trade & Technical Schools
Provide job-specific training Award diplomas or certificates depending on the area of study May also prepare students for a licensing exam Offer formal classes and hands-on training directly related to a student’s career of interest

40 Vocational, Trade & Technical Schools
Offer a wide range of programs depending on the institution programs may take anywhere from a few months to a few years to complete Do not typically have on-campus housing or other on-campus amenities available Are usually less expensive than traditional college and therefore considered a cost-effective option

41 Community & Junior Colleges
Are also known as two-year colleges Award associate degrees May grant diplomas or certificates based on area of study Provide traditional classes with flexible scheduling Are typically less expensive than four-year schools

42 Community & Junior Colleges
Do not typically offer on-campus housing however, there are exceptions May or may not offer other on-campus amenities such as food services

43 Colleges & Universities
Are four-year schools Award bachelor’s degrees May or may not offer graduate degrees Did You Know? The most commonly earned bachelor’s degrees are those in the field of business.

44 Colleges & Universities
Typically offer on-campus housing May also offer other on-campus amenities, including: food services fitness centers game rooms laundry service

45 Colleges & Universities: What is the Difference?
The difference between a college and a university is unclear and often debated. Some say colleges offer fewer programs and are made up of departments, whereas universities are larger and made up of schools and colleges. Others say colleges do not include a graduate school, while universities do. In reality, the words have become nearly interchangeable because neither of these rules is without exception. Typically, universities are larger and may include a focus on scholarly or scientific research. Additionally, many universities also have professional schools such as law school or medical school.

46 Higher Learning Institutions
Come in a wide range of types and sizes, providing programs for any career interest regardless of the desired atmosphere and career goals, there is a post-secondary school right for everyone extensive information is available from counselors, teachers and the Internet to help you discover where you will fit

47 Formulas for Career Success: Higher Learning Factors to Consider

48 Choosing a School Is a difficult decision
there are more than 6, post-secondary institutions in the United States Requires extensive research and careful consideration the better informed individuals become, the better the decision they are able to make

49 Choosing a School Requires individuals to ask themselves the following questions: What type of career should the education prepare the individual for? What major is preferred? Is location important? How far from home is acceptable? Is an urban or rural setting preferred? How important is size? Is a large, small or mid-size school favored?

50 Choosing a School Requires individuals to ask themselves the following questions: Is cost an issue? What is affordable? Will financial aid be necessary? How important are amenities? What types are needed? Are there any activities which are considered vital? What types of college organizations might be interesting?

51 Career Type Should influence students’ choice of school
majors vary from school to school, so look for programs which are of interest research required classes and available electives pay attention to schools’ reputations for the field of study which is of interest

52 Location Is an important factor to consider
think about how far away from home each school is and how often traveling back home will be possible consider if staying in-state is worth the savings on tuition investigate the size and atmosphere of the town or city where the school is located even weather may be an important factor

53 Size Of an institution and campus are other important factors to weigh
research the student-to-faculty ratio and typical class sizes figure out how much personal attention from advisors, counselors and professors will be needed

54 Cost May be a critical factor to understand and contemplate
research the tuition costs at various institutions find out about available financial aid opportunities such as scholarships and work-study programs do not count out a school simply because of cost, but be aware of its implications

55 Amenities May influence the choice
some institutions offer many amenities such as food, fitness centers, on-campus apartments and transportation services decide what is vital, preferred or unnecessary sacrifices may have to be made, but knowing what is available can help narrow down possibilities and prevent disappointment or inconvenience after enrolling

56 Activities & Organizations
Offered by an institution could play a role in the decision find out about clubs, teams and organizations available at various institutions look for activities which are entertaining and fun also consider organizations which would help build valuable relationships and enhance a résumé

57 Considering Factors May be made easier with the creation of a college preparatory notebook or binder document all research so it is available for review later try ranking factors considered most important, then rank schools in terms of each factor to help weigh the pros and cons

58 Considering Factors Should be a rigorous process taking place over weeks or months do not rush to judgment set aside time to research talk to former and current post-secondary students to learn more about possible wants and needs visit institutions under consideration

59 Formulas for Career Success: Higher Learning Admission Requirements

60 Post-Secondary Institutions
Generally follow certain guidelines when determining who will be accepted and who will be refused although every institution is different, those of the same type often have similar requirements

61 Vocational, Trade & Technical Schools
Typically require: a high school diploma or GED completion of an application and interview completion of one or more standardized tests some programs require a minimum score on tests, while others use test scores to place students in appropriate classes GED: general equivalency diploma; certificate considered equivalent to a high school diploma, earned by taking a test

62 Community & Junior Colleges
Often have open admissions, meaning anyone with a high school diploma or GED is admitted some will even accept non-high school graduates who meet an age requirement May require standardized tests to be taken so students are placed in appropriate classes

63 Colleges & Universities
Require: completion of an application review of various aspects of students’ records, including: grade point average courses taken standardized test scores extracurricular activities letters of recommendation application essay

64 Grade Point Average Is also known as GPA and is the average grade earned by a student, converted to a four-point scale GPA ranges from 0.0 (an F) to 4.0 (an A) Establishes how well a student has performed academically

65 Courses Taken May demonstrate a student’s interests and ambition
are they challenging? are they advanced placement or honors classes? do any directly relate to the program to which the student is applying?

66 Standardized Test Scores
Can indicate a student’s intelligence and ability to systematically demonstrate knowledge Help to measure students against each other tests include: SAT ACT ACCUPLACER

67 Extracurricular Activities
Provide evidence of a student’s interests and level of involvement how many? what types? what skills do they emphasize? do they relate to the program to which the student is applying? Examples include sports, fine arts, student governance, community activities, etc.

68 Letters of Recommendation
Should be written by teachers, coaches or other adults who know the student well people who are too close, such as parents, family and friends, should not write letters because they are not considered credible Provide insight into who the student is and how others view him or her who wrote them? what do they emphasize about the student?

69 Application Essay Is an indication of a student’s writing and critical-thinking ability, as well as personality is it well written? is it descriptive and honest? is it creative and original? is it intriguing?

70 The Admission Process Varies greatly from institution to institution
knowing an institution’s acceptance rate often helps when determining how stringent the process is some schools are very selective some schools welcome most, if not all, applicants Did You Know? Harvard and Stanford Universities admit less than seven percent of applicants, the lowest acceptance rates in the country.

71 The Admission Process Can be overwhelming and scary, but staying organized can prevent missed deadlines start researching requirements early keep track of all requirements and deadlines in a college preparatory notebook or binder

72 Formulas for Career Success: Higher Learning Earning College Credit in High School

73 College Credits May be earned while still in high school
programs vary by state and by school opportunities include: advanced placement (AP) classes International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme dual enrollment summer courses

74 Advanced Placement Courses
Are also known as AP courses Are introductory college-level courses taught in high schools include 34 subject areas created and controlled by The College Board

75 Advanced Placement Courses
Include college-level curriculum critical thinking is encouraged class discussion is common Conclude with an exam students are rated on a five-point scale students who score 4 or 5 on the exam are able to qualify out of corresponding introductory college courses and may even receive college credits

76 International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme
Is also known as the IB program Offers college-level courses through a two-year integrated diploma program consists of six subject groups designed for the last two years of high school

77 International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme
Includes college-level curriculum in-depth research and writing are required critical-thinking skills are developed hands-on learning is encouraged Includes assessments throughout the program and a concluding exam students with satisfactory performance are awarded the International Baccalaureate diploma, which is recognized by universities around the world and generally worth college credit

78 AP & IB Are both more challenging than normal high-school curriculum
faster pace more research, reading and writing in-depth lab experiences comprehensive projects

79 AP & IB Are often compared because they both offer college-level curriculum to high school students the advantage of AP is the ability to sign up for individual classes based on strengths and interests the advantage of IB is the integrated curriculum and international recognition of the program

80 Dual Enrollment Is a program allowing students to enroll in college courses for credit while still in high school courses are often taken at the college campus, but may also be offered at the high school campus or even online Allows the transition from high school to college to be less daunting for a student provides exposure to college curriculum and often the college atmosphere

81 Dual Enrollment Course credits are often applied toward high school and college graduation or may be transferred to other colleges and universities depending on the institution and course Requirements may include a minimum age or grade point average

82 Summer Courses Are offered by many higher learning institutions
these institutions often allow high school students to enroll Allow for full immersion in the college atmosphere and experience without long-term commitment

83 Summer Courses Are a good option for students who feel they might be overwhelmed by or too busy for AP, IB or dual enrollment taking college courses during the summer prevents conflicts with normal high school commitments, such as extracurricular activities

84 Earning College Credit
During high school is challenging and requires hard work and dedication before signing up: research options to find what would best fit needs think about if the extra work would be manageable talk to school counselors, parents and even friends for advice and guidance

85 Earning College Credit
During high school can be beneficial in many ways provide opportunity to get basic college courses out of the way early, allowing for focus on areas of interest once in college enhance transcript and résumé act as preparation for full college immersion allow for early career exploration and self-discovery


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