1. Unit 8B: Motivation and Emotion: Emotions, Stress and Health

2. Theories of Emotion

3. Theories of emotions Emotion –Physiological arousal –Expressive behavior –Conscious experience Common sense theory

4. Emotion = a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience.

5. Theories of emotions James-Lange theory

6. James-Lange Theory = the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.

7. Theories of emotions Cannon-Bard theory

8. Cannon-Bard Theory = the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion.

9. Theories of emotions Two-factor theory –Schachter-Singer

10. Two-factor Theory = the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal.

11. Theories of emotions

12. Embodied Emotion

13. Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System Autonomic nervous system –Sympathetic nervous system arousing –Parasympathetic nervous system Calming –Moderate arousal is ideal

14. Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System

15. Physiological Similarities Among Specific Emotions Different movie experiment

16. Physiological Differences Among Specific Emotions Differences in brain activity –Amygdala –Frontal lobes Nucleus accumbens –PolygraphPolygraph

17. = a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measure several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes).

18. Cognition and Emotion Cognition Can Define Emotion Spill over effect –Schachter-Singer experiment Arousal fuels emotions, cognition channels it

19. Cognition and Emotion Cognition Does Not Always Precede Emotion Influence of the amygdala

20. Expressed Emotion

21. Detecting Emotion Nonverbal cues –Duchenne smile

22. Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior

24. Culture and Emotional Expression

25. Levels of Analysis for the Study of Emotion

26. The Effects of Facial Expressions Facial feedback

27. Facial Feedback = the effect of facial expressions on experienced emotions, as when a facial expression of anger or happiness intensifies feelings of anger or happiness.

28. Experienced Emotion

29. Fear Adaptive value of fear The biology of fear –amygdala

30. Anger –Evoked by events –CatharsisCatharsis –Expressing anger can increase anger

31. Catharsis = emotional release. The catharsis hypothesis maintains that “releasing’ aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.

32. Happiness –Feel-good, do-good phenomenonFeel-good, do-good phenomenon –Well-beingWell-being

33. Feel-Good Do-Good Phenomenon = people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood.

34. Well-being = self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people’s quality of life.

35. Happiness The Short Life of Emotional Ups and Downs Watson’s studies

36. Happiness Wealth and Well-Being

38. Happiness Two Psychological Phenomena: Adaptation and Comparison Happiness and Prior Experience –Adaptation-level phenomenonAdaptation-level phenomenon Happiness and others’ attainments –Relative deprivationRelative deprivation

39. Adaptation-level Phenomenon = our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience.

40. Relative Deprivation = the perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves.

41. Happiness Predictors of Happiness

42. Stress and Health

43. Introduction Health psychology Behavioral medicine

44. Health Psychology = a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine.

45. Behavioral Medicine = an interdisciplinary field that integrates behavior and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease..

46. Stress and Illness Stress –Stress appraisal

47. Stress = the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

48. Stress and Illness The Stress Response System Selye’s general adaptation syndrome (GAS)general adaptation syndrome (GAS) –Alarm –Resistance –exhaustion

49. General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) = Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases – alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

50. Stress and Illness General Adaptation Syndrome

51. Stress and Illness Stressful Life Events Catastrophes Significant life changes Daily hassles

52. Stress and the Heart Coronary heart disease Type A versus Type B –Type AType A –Type BType B

53. Coronary Heart Disease = the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in North America.

54. Type A = Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.

55. Type B = Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people.

56. Stress and Susceptibility to Disease Psychophysiological illnesses Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) –LymphocytesLymphocytes B lymphocytes T lymphocytes –Stress and AIDS –Stress and Cancer

57. Psychophysiological Illness = literally, “mind-body” illness; any stress- related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches.

58. Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) = the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health.

59. Lymphocytes = the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system; B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.